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      Cardiotrofina-1 circulante puede diferenciar la hipertrofia ventricular fisiológica del atleta de la hipertrofia patológica del paciente hipertenso Translated title: Circulating cardiotrophyn-1 may help differenciate left ventricular hypertrophy seen in athletes from pathologic left ventricular hypertrophy associated to hypertension

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          Abstract

          Introducción: Cardiotrofina-1 (CT-1), una citoquina perteneciente a la superfamilia de la interleukina-6, se encuentra elevada en pacientes con hipertensión arterial (HTA) e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI). Sus niveles se correlacionan con el tamaño auricular izquierdo y con las presiones de llenado del ventrículo izquierdo. Los niveles de CT-1 en atletas con HVI fisiológica no han sido investigados. Métodos: Estudio transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes con HTA esencial con y sin evidencia ecográfica de cardiopatía hipertensiva (CH)(HVI y relación E/E'>10), recientemente diagnosticada y sin tratamiento. Un grupo de atletas normotensos con diagnóstico ecográfico de HVI y un grupo control de sujetos normotensos pareados por edad y sexo. En todos los sujetos se midieron los niveles plasmáticos de CT-1 (ELISA). Se definió HVI mediante diagnóstico ecocargiográfico, utilizando el índice de masa ventricular izquierda usando la fórmula de Devereux (hombres ³115 gramos/m², mujer ³95 gramos/m²). Las presiones de llenado del VI se estimaron con la relación E/E' (doppler tisular en el anillo mitral medial). Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes por grupo. Los atletas con HVI presentaron una relación E/E' <a 10, y ésta no fue distinta al grupo control y a la de los hipertensos sin HVI y fue significativamente menor respecto de los hipertensos con CH (6,5 ± 1 versus 12,9 ±1,1, p < 0,01). Respecto de los niveles de CT-1 los atletas con HVI presentaban niveles menores que los pacientes hipertensos con evidencia de CH (6,6 fmol/ml ±0,4 versus 18,2 fmol/ml ±5,6, p< 0,001) y niveles similares al grupo control y de hipertensos sin evidencia de CH. Conclusión: En atletas con HVI los niveles de CT-1 son similares a los de sujetos normotensos y a los de pacientes hipertensos sin HVI, y significativamente menores respecto a los de pacientes hipertensos con niveles similares de HVI y disfunción diastólica. Los niveles de CT-1 podrían ser de utilidad para la diferenciación de la HVI fisiológica del atleta versus la HVI patológica del hipertenso.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Cardiotrophyn-1 (CT-1), is a cytokine which is increased in patients with hypertension (HT) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). This increase occurs in proportion to left atrial size and left ventricular filling pressures. CT-1 levels in athletes with LVH have not been investigated Methods: Crossectional study. We evaluated: a) hypertensive patients with LVH and E/E' > 10 by echocardiography, recently diagnosed and receiving no medications; b) normotensive athletes with LVH as shown by echocardiography, and c) normotensive subjects, paired by age and sex. Plasma levels of CT-1 (ELISA) were measured in all. LVH was defined as left ventricular mass index > 115 G/m² (males) or > 95 G/m² (females). Results: E/E' was lower in athletes than hypertensive patients with LVH (6.5 ± 1 vs 12.9 ± 1.1, p<0.01). E/E' in both control subjects and patients with HTA but no LVH did not differ from E/E' in athletes. CT-1 was lower in athletes than patients with HTA and LVH (6.6 ± 0.4 vs 18.2 ± 5.6 fmol/ml, respectively, p<0.001). CT-1 levels in control subjects and hypertensive patients without LVH did not differ from that found in athletes. Conclusion: CT-1 levels are similar in athletes compared to normal subjects and patients with HTA and no LVH. Hypertensive patients with similar grades of LVH and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction had significantly greater leves of CT-1. Thus, CT-1 levels could help differentiate pathological HVI from physiologic LVH in athletes.

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          Recommendations for chamber quantification.

          Quantification of cardiac chamber size, ventricular mass and function ranks among the most clinically important and most frequently requested tasks of echocardiography. Over the last decades, echocardiographic methods and techniques have improved and expanded dramatically, due to the introduction of higher frequency transducers, harmonic imaging, fully digital machines, left-sided contrast agents, and other technological advancements. Furthermore, echocardiography due to its portability and versatility is now used in emergency rooms, operating rooms, and intensive care units. Standardization of measurements in echocardiography has been inconsistent and less successful, compared to other imaging techniques and consequently, echocardiographic measurements are sometimes perceived as less reliable. Therefore, the American Society of Echocardiography, working together with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology, has critically reviewed the literature and updated the recommendations for quantifying cardiac chambers using echocardiography. This document reviews the technical aspects on how to perform quantitative chamber measurements of morphology and function, which is a component of every complete echocardiographic examination.
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            Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes.

            In the present study we assessed the distribution and clinical significance of left atrial (LA) size in the context of athlete's heart and the differential diagnosis from structural heart disease, as well as the proclivity to supraventricular arrhythmias. The prevalence, clinical significance, and long-term arrhythmic consequences of LA enlargement in competitive athletes are unresolved. We assessed LA dimension and the prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in 1,777 competitive athletes (71% of whom were males), free of structural cardiovascular disease, that were participating in 38 different sports. The LA dimension was 23 to 50 mm (mean, 37 +/- 4 mm) in men and 20 to 46 mm (mean, 32 +/- 4 mm) in women and was enlarged (i.e., transverse dimension > or = 40 mm) in 347 athletes (20%), including 38 (2%) with marked dilation (> or = 45 mm). Of the 1,777 athletes, only 14 (0.8%) had documented, symptomatic episodes of either paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (n = 5; 0.3%) or supraventricular tachycardia (n = 9; 0.5%), which together occurred in a similar proportion in athletes with (0.9%) or without (0.8%; p = NS) LA enlargement. Multivariate regression analysis showed LA enlargement in athletes was largely explained by left ventricular cavity enlargement (R2 = 0.53) and participation in dynamic sports (such as cycling, rowing/canoeing) but minimally by body size. In a large population of highly trained athletes, enlarged LA dimension > or = 40 mm was relatively common (20%), with the upper limits of 45 mm in women and 50 mm in men distinguishing physiologic cardiac remodeling ("athlete's heart") from pathologic cardiac conditions. Atrial fibrillation and other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias proved to be uncommon (prevalence < 1%) and similar to that in the general population, despite the frequency of LA enlargement. Left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes may be regarded as a physiologic adaptation to exercise conditioning, largely without adverse clinical consequences.
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              A practical approach to the echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function.

              A number of recent community-based epidemiologic studies suggest that 40% to 50% of the cases of heart failure have preserved left ventricular systolic function. Although diastolic heart failure is often not well clinically recognized, it is associated with marked increases in morbidity and all-cause mortality. Doppler echocardiography has emerged as the principal clinical tool for the assessment of left ventricular diastolic function. Doppler mitral inflow velocity-derived variables remain the cornerstone of the evaluation of diastolic function. Pulmonary venous Doppler flow indices and mitral inflow measurements with Valsalva's maneuver are important adjuncts for differentiating normal and pseudonormal mitral inflow patterns. Unfortunately, these Doppler flow variables are significantly influenced by loading conditions and, therefore, the results from these standard techniques can be inconclusive. Recently, color M-mode and Doppler tissue imaging have emerged as new modalities that are less affected by preload and, thus, provide a strong complementary role in the assessment of diastolic function. This review will discuss the diastolic properties of the left ventricle, Doppler echocardiographic evaluation, and grading of diastolic dysfunction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rchcardiol
                Revista chilena de cardiología
                Rev Chil Cardiol
                Sociedad Chilena de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-8560
                April 2009
                : 28
                : 1
                : 13-20
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares Chile
                Article
                S0718-85602009000100001 S0718-8560(09)02800101
                ba3a1964-3a6f-4619-b365-b322245e16ec

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 January 2009
                : 28 December 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Investigaciones Clínicas

                Left ventricular hypertrophy,hypertension,athletes
                Left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension, athletes

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