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      Upregulation of Versican Associated with Tumor Progression, Metastasis, and Poor Prognosis in Bladder Carcinoma

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This work analyzes the role of versican (VCAN) on bladder cancer (BLCA). Versican (VCAN) is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan which is important for tumorigenesis and the development of cancer. However, the expression of VCAN on human bladder cancer (BLCA) has been rarely reported.

          Methods

          The clinical significance of VCAN in BLCA has been determined by our bioinformatics tools. Then, we performed immunohistochemical staining (IHC) and analyzed the correlation between VCAN expression and clinicopathological features.

          Results

          The bioinformatics results reveal that a high VCAN mRNA level was significantly associated with stage, histological subtype, molecular subtype, and metastasis in BLCA. Furthermore, IHC reveals that expression of VCAN was significantly correlated with the number of tumors, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and histological grade. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis reveals that patients with a high expression of VCAN have poor prognosis than those patients with a low expression of VCAN. According to our result from the bioinformatics database, the mechanism of VCAN in BLCA revealed that VCAN was related to FBN1 and genes of the ECM remodeling pathway (MMP1, MMP2).

          Conclusion

          VCAN expression might be included in the process of carcinogenesis and prognosis. Hence, VCAN could be a reliable biomarker of the clinical prognosis on BLCA.

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          Most cited references40

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          Cancer statistics, 2019

          Rebecca Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Ahmedin Jemal (2019)
          Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2015, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2016, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2019, 1,762,450 new cancer cases and 606,880 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2006-2015) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% per year in men, whereas the cancer death rate (2007-2016) declined annually by 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The overall cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2016 by a total of 27%, translating into approximately 2,629,200 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Although the racial gap in cancer mortality is slowly narrowing, socioeconomic inequalities are widening, with the most notable gaps for the most preventable cancers. For example, compared with the most affluent counties, mortality rates in the poorest counties were 2-fold higher for cervical cancer and 40% higher for male lung and liver cancers during 2012-2016. Some states are home to both the wealthiest and the poorest counties, suggesting the opportunity for more equitable dissemination of effective cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies. A broader application of existing cancer control knowledge with an emphasis on disadvantaged groups would undoubtedly accelerate progress against cancer.
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            Bladder cancer.

            Ashish Kamat, Noah M Hahn, Jason Efstathiou … (2016)
            Bladder cancer is a complex disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if not treated optimally. Awareness of haematuria as the major presenting symptom is paramount, and early diagnosis with individualised treatment and follow-up is the key to a successful outcome. For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the mainstay of treatment is complete resection of the tumour followed by induction and maintenance immunotherapy with intravesical BCG vaccine or intravesical chemotherapy. For muscle-invasive bladder cancer, multimodal treatment involving radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy offers the best chance for cure. Selected patients with muscle-invasive tumours can be offered bladder-sparing trimodality treatment consisting of transurethral resection with chemoradiation. Advanced disease is best treated with systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy; immunotherapy is emerging as a viable salvage treatment for patients in whom first-line chemotherapy cannot control the disease. Developments in the past 2 years have shed light on genetic subtypes of bladder cancer that might differ from one another in response to various treatments.
            Article 0 comments Cited 533 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              EORTC Nomograms and Risk Groups for Predicting Recurrence, Progression, and Disease-specific and Overall Survival in Non-Muscle-invasive Stage Ta-T1 Urothelial Bladder Cancer Patients Treated with 1-3 Years of Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

              Samantha Cambier, Richard J Sylvester, Laurence Collette … (2016)
              There are no prognostic factor publications on stage Ta-T1 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with 1-3 yr of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).
              Article 0 comments Cited 171 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Feng Gao:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-2500
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 February 2021
                Volume: 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6949864
                Affiliations
                1Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
                2Graduate Department, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
                3Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China
                4Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
                5Department of Acupuncture & Massage, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Rui Liu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5055-3637
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8028-6912
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6335-5533
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-7303
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-1164
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-2500
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2021/6949864
                PMC ID: 7872746
                PubMed ID: 33604385
                SO-VID: ba904d37-23ca-4458-a694-0ffb715a1678
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021 Qi Zhang et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 9 July 2020
                Date revision received : 4 November 2020
                Date accepted : 30 December 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province
                Award ID: LGF19H160025
                Funded by: Medicine and Health Research Foundation of Zhejiang Province
                Award ID: 2015RCB001
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81502541
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Data availability:

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