Chromium is an essential nutrient required for normal sugar and fat metabolism. Insufficient dietary chromium is associated with maturity-onset diabetes and/or cardiovascular diseases. Dietary chromium intake in the U.S. and other developed countries is roughly half of the minimum suggested intake of 50 micrograms. Well controlled studies involving human subjects have demonstrated beneficial effects of supplemental chromium on fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, insulin binding, and hypoglycemic blood glucose values and symptoms. Since chromium is a nutrient and not a therapeutic agent, it will only benefit those people whose signs and symptoms are due to marginal or overt chromium deficiency. Stresses including high sugar diets, strenuous exercise, physical trauma, infection and certain diseases exacerbate the signs and symptoms associated with marginal intakes of dietary chromium. While excessive levels of chromium are usually limited to industrial settings, marginal dietary chromium intake is widespread in the general population and may lead to serious health problems.