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      The mediating role of COVID-19-related burden in the association between adverse childhood experiences and emotional exhaustion: results of the egePan – VOICE study Translated title: El papel mediador de la carga relacionada con COVID-19, en la asociación entre las experiencias adversas de la infancia y el agotamiento emocional: resultados del estudio egePan - VOICE Translated title: COVID-19 相关负担在不良童年经历与情绪衰竭关系中的中介作用:egePan - VOICE 研究的结果

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          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk for mental health problems. However, there is a lack of data targeting the role of ACEs for one of the most prevalent mental health problems in health-care professionals: burnout.

          Objective

          We aimed to assess the relationship between ACEs and the core burnout dimension ‘emotional exhaustion’ (EE). As health-care professionals have been facing particular challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, we furthermore aimed to assess the role of COVID-19 associated burden in the interplay between ACEs and EE.

          Methods

          During the first lockdown in Germany, a total of 2500 medical healthcare professionals were questioned in a cross-sectional online survey. Questions targeted, among others, sociodemographics, ACEs, COVID-19-associated problems (e.g. increase of workload, worries about relatives and patients) and emotional exhaustion, measured by the respective dimension of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).

          Results

          In German health-care professionals, ACEs were associated with a higher EE score. The number of experienced ACEs was associated with the majority of assessed COVID-19-associated problems. An increasing number of ACEs predicted higher EE scores, controlling for gender. The association between ACEs and EE was mediated significantly by COVID-19-associated problems. These included maladaptive coping strategies such as increased smoking, drinking and use of antidepressants/tranquilizers, feeling less protected by measures of the employee or the state, a greater feeling of being burdened by COVID-19-associated problems and greater exhaustion and sleep problems.

          Conclusion

          Our findings suggest ACEs as significant risk factor for EE in German health-care professionals. The current pandemic means a significant burden that further pronounces this risk.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predicted higher scores of emotional exhaustion (EE) in German healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

          • COVID-19 associated problems mediated the association between ACEs and EE.

          • COVID-19 and ACEs add to the risk of EE in healthcare professionals.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Las experiencias adversas en la niñez (ACEs en sus siglas en inglés) aumentan el riesgo de problemas de salud mental. Sin embargo, faltan datos sobre el papel de las ACEs en uno de los problemas de salud mental más prevalentes en los profesionales de la salud: el agotamiento (burnout).

          Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre las ACEs y la dimensión central del agotamiento ‘agotamiento emocional’ (AE). Dado que los profesionales de la salud se han enfrentado a desafíos particulares durante la pandemia de COVID-19, además nos propusimos evaluar el papel de la carga asociada a COVID-19 en la interacción entre las ACEs y la AE.

          Métodos: Durante la primera cuarentena en Alemania, se interrogó a un total de 2500 profesionales de la salud en una encuesta transversal en línea. Las preguntas fueron dirigidas, entre otros, a datos sociodemográficos, ACEs, problemas asociados a COVID-19 (por ejemplo, aumento de la carga de trabajo, preocupaciones sobre familiares y pacientes) y agotamiento emocional, medidos por la dimensión respectiva del Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).

          Resultados: En los profesionales sanitarios alemanes, las ACEs se asociaron con una puntuación de AE más alta. El número de ACEs experimentados se asoció con la mayoría de los problemas asociados a COVID-19 evaluados. Un mayor número de ACEs predijo puntuaciones de AE más altas, controlado por género. La asociación entre ACEs y AE fue mediada significativamente por problemas asociados con COVID-19. Estos incluyeron estrategias de afrontamiento desadaptativas, como fumar, beber y usar antidepresivos/tranquilizantes, sentirse menos protegido por las medidas del empleador o el estado, una mayor sensación de estar agobiado por los problemas asociados con COVID-19 y un mayor agotamiento y problemas de sueño.

          Conclusión: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las ACEs son un factor de riesgo significativo para la AE en los profesionales de la salud alemanes. La pandemia actual implica una carga importante que acentúa aún más este riesgo.

          Translated abstract

          背景: 不良童年期经历 (ACE) 会提高心理健康问题的风险。但是, 缺乏针对 ACE 在医疗保健专业人员中最普遍的心理健康问题之一——倦怠中作用的数据.

          目的: 我们旨在评估 ACE 与核心倦怠维度‘情绪耗竭’ (EE) 之间的关系。由于医疗保健专业人员在 COVID-19 疫情期间面临特殊挑战, 因此我们还旨在评估 COVID-19 相关负担在 ACE 和 EE 之间相互作用中的作用.

          方法: 在德国首次封锁期间, 在一项横断面在线调查中询问了总共 2500 名医疗保健专业人员。问题针对由 Maslach 倦怠量表 (MBI) 的各个维度测量的社会人口统计学, ACE, COVID-19 相关问题 (例如工作量增加, 对亲属和患者的担忧) 和情绪耗竭等.

          结果: 在德国医疗保健专业人员中, ACE 与较高的 EE 评分相关。经历ACE 数量与大多数评估的 COVID-19 相关问题有关。控制性别后, 增多的ACE 预测了更高的 EE 分数。 COVID-19 相关问题显著中介了 ACE 和 EE 之间的关联。其中包括适应不良的应对策略, 例如增加吸烟, 饮酒和使用抗抑郁药/镇静剂, 感觉受到员工或国家措施的保护较少, 感觉到COVID-19 相关问题负担更大, 以及更严重的疲劳和睡眠问题.

          结论: 我们的研究结果表明 ACE 是德国医疗保健专业人员 EE 的重要风险因素。当前的疫情意味着沉重的负担, 进一步凸显了这一风险.

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          Most cited references40

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          Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

          Highlights • At least one in five healthcare professionals report symptoms of depression and anxiety. • Almost four in 10 healthcare workers experience sleeping difficulties and/or insomnia. • Rates of anxiety and depression were higher for female healthcare workers and nursing staff. • Milder mood symptoms are common and screening should aim to identify mild and sub-threshold syndromes.
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            The measurement of experienced burnout

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              Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.

              The relationship of health risk behavior and disease in adulthood to the breadth of exposure to childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction during childhood has not previously been described. A questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences was mailed to 13,494 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO; 9,508 (70.5%) responded. Seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The number of categories of these adverse childhood experiences was then compared to measures of adult risk behavior, health status, and disease. Logistic regression was used to adjust for effects of demographic factors on the association between the cumulative number of categories of childhood exposures (range: 0-7) and risk factors for the leading causes of death in adult life. More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported > or = 2 categories of childhood exposures. We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P or = 50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease; and 1.4- to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity. The number of categories of adverse childhood exposures showed a graded relationship to the presence of adult diseases including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease. The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life. We found a strong graded relationship between the breadth of exposure to abuse or household dysfunction during childhood and multiple risk factors for several of the leading causes of death in adults.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                1 October 2021
                2021
                1 October 2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1976441
                Affiliations
                [a ]Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm; , Ulm, Germany
                [b ]Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center; , Ulm, Germany
                [c ]Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); , Erlangen, Germany
                [d ]Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of Bonn; , Bonn, Germany
                [e ]Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; , Cologne, Germany
                [f ]Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden; , Dresden, Germany
                Author notes
                CONTACT Vera Clemens vera.clemens@ 123456uni-ulm.de Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm; , Steinhövelstr. 5, Ulm 89073, Germany
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6055-385X
                Article
                1976441
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1976441
                8491662
                34621498
                ba9ee23b-1476-492c-bd32-29f5fd845ad4
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, References: 41, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Clinical Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                adverse childhood experiences (aces),covid-19,pandemic,emotional exhaustion,burnout,healthcare professionals,experiencias adversas en la niñez (aces),pandemia,agotamiento emocional,agotamiento,profesionales de la salud,不良童年经历 (ace),流行病,情绪疲惫,倦怠,医疗保健专业人员

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