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      Sterilization of polypropylene membranes of facepiece respirators by ionizing radiation

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: Ionizing radiation has been identified as an option for sterilization of disposable filtering facepiece respirators in situations where the production of the respirators cannot keep up with demand. Gamma radiation and high energy electrons penetrate deeply into the material and can be used to sterilize large batches of masks within a short time period. In relation to reports that sterilization by ionizing radiation reduces filtration efficiency of polypropylene membrane filters on account of static charge loss, we have demonstrated that both gamma and electron beam irradiation can be used for sterilization, provided that the respirators are recharged afterwards.

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          Highlights

          • •

            Gamma irradiation and electron beam irradiation have comparable effects on filtration efficiency of the respirators.

          • •

            Sterilization with gamma and electron beam irradiation does not cause changes in chemical properties of polypropylene membranes used in respirators.

          • •

            The respirators can be reused after sterilization if charge is re-applied.

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          Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

          Nanshan Chen, Min Zhou, Xuan Dong … (2022)
          Summary Background In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Methods In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. Findings Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. Funding National Key R&D Program of China.
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            Effectiveness of Common Fabrics to Block Aqueous Aerosols of Virus-like Nanoparticles

            Steven R. Lustig, John Biswakarma, Devyesh Rana … (2020)
            Layered systems of commonly available fabric materials can be used by the public and healthcare providers in face masks to reduce the risk of inhaling viruses with protection that is about equivalent to or better than the filtration and adsorption offered by 5-layer N95 respirators. Over 70 different common fabric combinations and masks were evaluated under steady-state, forced convection air flux with pulsed aerosols that simulate forceful respiration. The aerosols contain fluorescent virus-like nanoparticles to track transmission through materials that greatly assist the accuracy of detection, thus avoiding artifacts including pore flooding and the loss of aerosol due to evaporation and droplet breakup. Effective materials comprise both absorbent, hydrophilic layers and barrier, hydrophobic layers. Although the hydrophobic layers can adhere virus-like nanoparticles, they may also repel droplets from adjacent absorbent layers and prevent wicking transport across the fabric system. Effective designs are noted with absorbent layers comprising terry cloth towel, quilting cotton, and flannel. Effective designs are noted with barrier layers comprising nonwoven polypropylene, polyester, and polyaramid.
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              “N95 Respirator Cleaning and Re-Use Methods Proposed by the Inventor of the N95 Mask”

              Pascal S.C. Juang, Peter Tsai (2020)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Memb Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Memb Sci
                Title: Journal of Membrane Science
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0376-7388
                ISSN (Electronic): 0376-7388
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 October 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 October 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 118756
                Affiliations
                [a ]Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [b ]University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Jadranska Ulica 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
                [1]

                L.P., A.P.K and J.M. contributed equally.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0376-7388(20)31332-6 Publisher ID: 118756
                DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118756
                PMC ID: 7528844
                SO-VID: baad87c7-b785-4b4b-b5d3-a93f695ba2fc
                Copyright © © 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 14 July 2020
                Date revision received : 28 August 2020
                Date accepted : 31 August 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: respirators,covid-19,sars-cov-2,sterilization,personal protection equipment,ionizing radiation,polypropylene membrane
                Data availability:
                Keywords: respirators, covid-19, sars-cov-2, sterilization, personal protection equipment, ionizing radiation, polypropylene membrane

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