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      Niveles de plaguicidas en aguas superficiales de una región agrícola del estado Mérida, Venezuela, entre 2008 y 2010 Translated title: Pesticide levels in superficial waters of an agricultural region in Mérida state, Venezuela, between 2008 and 2010

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          Abstract

          La fuerte demanda de producción agrícola conlleva al uso indiscriminado de agro-químicos causando el desmejoramiento de la calidad de las aguas superficiales. En la comunidad agrícola de Bailadores, municipio Rivas Dávila, Estado Mérida, Venezuela, fueron monitoreados los ríos Las Tapias, Las Playitas y Mocoties por la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas durante 2008 y 2010. Las muestras de agua fueron sometidas a una extracción en fase sólida y se analizó la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas mediante HPLC con detector de arreglo de diodos (SPE-HPLC-DAD). Los residuos de plaguicidas detectados con mayor frecuencia y en más altas concentraciones fueron los siguientes: clorpirifos (302.9±0.9 μg/L), diazinon (459±4.0 μg/L), dimetoato (55±3.0 μg/L), mancozeb (108±1.0 μg/L) y metamidofos (107±8.0 μg/L), los cuales se encuentran en la lista de plaguicidas muy peligrosos de la Red Internacional de Control de Plaguicidas. En todos los casos, los niveles detectados superan los límites establecidos por la Unión Europea y la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos de América. La concentración total de los organofosforados supera también los límites establecidos por la legislación venezolana. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran un alto nivel de contaminación por plaguicidas de los principales cursos de aguas superficiales del municipio Rivas Dávila. Se recomienda continuar con un programa de monitoreo de plaguicidas y la necesidad de cambiar el modo de producción actual hacia una práctica agrícola sostenible, que permita reducir la utilización de agroquímicos y sus consecuencias negativas para el ambiente y la salud humana.

          Translated abstract

          The strong demand for agricultural production has led to an indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals causing the decline in the quality of surface waters. In the agricultural com-munity of Bailadores, Municipality of Rivas Davila, Mérida State, Venezuela, the rivers of Las Tapias, Las Playitas and Mocoties were monitored for the presence of pesticide residues during 2008 and 2010. Water samples were subjected to solid phase extraction and analyzed for the presence of pesticide residues by HPLC with diode array detector (SPE-HPLC-DAD) using a validated multiresidual method. The pesticide residues that were detected at higher frequencies and greater concentrations were the following: chlor-pyrifos (302.9±0.9 μg/L), diazinon (459±4.0 μg/L), dimethoate (55±3.0 μg/L), mancozeb (108±1.0 μg/L) and methamidophos (107±8.0 μg/L), which are all found in the list of highly dangerous pesticides by the International Pesticides Control Network. In all cases, the levels exceeded the limits set by the European Union and the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States. The total concentration of organophosphates also exceeded the limits established by the Venezuelan law. The results of this study demonstrate a high level of pesticide contamination of the principal surface water courses in the Municipality of Rivas Dávila. It is recommended to implement a pesticide monitoring program and the need to change the current mode of production to a sustainable agricultural practice, which will allow to reduce the use of agrochemicals and their negative consequences to the environment and the human health.

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          Current issues in organophosphate toxicology.

          Organophosphates (OPs) are one of the main classes of insecticides, in use since the mid 1940s. OPs can exert significant adverse effects in non-target species including humans. Because of the phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase, they exert primarily a cholinergic toxicity, however, some can also cause a delayed polyneuropathy. Currently debated and investigated issues in the toxicology of OPs are presented in this review. These include: 1) possible long-term effects of chronic low-level exposures; 2) genetic susceptibility to OP toxicity; 3) developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity; 4) common mechanism of action; 5) mechanisms of delayed neurotoxicity; and 6) possible additional OP targets. Continuing and recent debates, and molecular advances in these areas, and their contributions to our understanding of the toxicology of OPs are discussed.
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            A Review of Pesticide Exposure and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort

            Objective We reviewed epidemiologic evidence related to occupational pesticide exposures and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) cohort. Data sources Studies were identified from the AHS publication list available at http://aghealth.nci.nih.gov as well as through a Medline/PubMed database search in March 2009. We also examined citation lists. Findings related to lifetime-days and/or intensity-weighted lifetime-days of pesticide use are the primary focus of this review, because these measures allow for the evaluation of potential exposure–response relationships. Data synthesis We reviewed 28 studies; most of the 32 pesticides examined were not strongly associated with cancer incidence in pesticide applicators. Increased rate ratios (or odds ratios) and positive exposure–response patterns were reported for 12 pesticides currently registered in Canada and/or the United States (alachlor, aldicarb, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dicamba, S-ethyl-N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate, imazethapyr, metolachlor, pendimethalin, permethrin, trifluralin). However, estimates of association for specific cancers were often imprecise because of small numbers of exposed cases, and clear monotonic exposure–response patterns were not always apparent. Exposure misclassification is also a concern in the AHS and may limit the analysis of exposure–response patterns. Epidemiologic evidence outside the AHS remains limited with respect to most of the observed associations, but animal toxicity data support the biological plausibility of relationships observed for alachlor, carbaryl, metolachlor, pendimethalin, permethrin, and trifluralin. Conclusions Continued follow-up is needed to clarify associations reported to date. In particular, further evaluation of registered pesticides is warranted.
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              Current opinion on the science of organophosphate pesticides and toxic stress: a systematic review.

              The aim of this article is to provide a brief review of the current status of our knowledge related to organophosphates (OPs) and oxidative stress. For this purpose, we performed a systematic review on the literatures using Pubmed and Scopus databases without date limitation. A total of 127 articles including 112 experimental and 15 human studies were found relevant and reviewed. Data were categorized according to experimental and clinical studies. Occurrence of cell membrane lipid peroxidation, alteration in the levels of total antioxidant capacity, total thiol molecules, and protective effects of natural and synthetic antioxidants against OP-induced histopathological and biochemical alterations are the most important evidences for involvement of oxidative stress in OP-induced toxicity. It is concluded that evaluation of blood oxidative stress parameters can be useful for monitoring exposed people. Supplementing of people in exposure to OPs with potent antioxidants such as vitamin E and C is recommended. Much human studies with higher sample size and better exclusion of biasing factors are still needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rica
                Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental
                Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient
                Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM (México, DF, Mexico )
                0188-4999
                November 2012
                : 28
                : 4
                : 289-301
                Affiliations
                [01] Mérida orgnameUniversidad de Los Andes orgdiv1Centro de Microscopía Electrónica Dr. Ernesto Palacios Prü orgdiv2Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Venezuela Lmiranda@ 123456ula.ve
                [02] Mérida orgnameUniversidad de Los Andes orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales orgdiv2Departamento de Botánica y Ciencias Básicas Venezuela
                Article
                S0188-49992012000400005 S0188-4999(12)02800400005
                bac216f8-b033-4018-a35d-7186be8505be

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : September 2012
                : June 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Mexico


                pesticides,Mérida-Venezuela,SPE-HPLC-DAD,aguas superficiales,plaguicidas,superficial waters

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