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      Carcinoma Medular da Tiroide: perspetiva após as guidelines de 2015 da ATA Translated title: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: perspective after the 2015 ATA guidelines

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          Abstract

          O Carcinoma medular da tiroide (CMT) é um tumor neuroendócrino raro (1-2% de todos os tumores da tiroide), que surge a partir de células C, produtoras de calcitonina. A sua grande maioria (75%) corresponde a formas esporádicas, no entanto, existem também formas hereditárias (25%) que fazem parte da síndrome de neoplasia endócrina múltipla do tipo 2, tipo 2A e 2B. Todos os doentes com estas síndromes apresentam uma mutação germinativa do proto-oncogene RET e cerca de 50% dos doentes com CMT esporádico, mutações somáticas deste mesmo gene. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoces são essenciais. O gold standard para diagnóstico de CMT é a biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina (BA AF) de um nódulo tiroideu suspeito, juntamente com o doseamento sérico de calcitonina. O teste genético, com pesquisa de mutações do gene RET, deve ser realizado a todos os doentes. O único tratamento curativo do CMT é a tiroidectomia total com esvaziamento dos compartimentos ganglionares cervicais necessários. O tratamento mais indicado em doentes com doença residual, recorrente ou metastática ainda está por esclarecer, uma vez que a maioria dos doentes tem uma baixa progressão da doença durante vários anos. Assim, prognóstico é na maior parte das vezes relativamente bom, sendo que a principal causa de morte é a metastização à distância. Recentemente, foram aprovados dois inibidores da tirosina- cinase, o vandetanib e o cabozantinib, para o tratamento de CMT agressivo e sintomático e existem já vários outros inibidores em ensaios clínicos. Estes agentes são inibidores estáticos da doença, não tendo ação lítica ou destrutiva. Por essa razão, são necessários mais estudos no sentido de compreender as vias celulares implicadas na etiopatogenia desta doença e consequentemente encontrar nova terapêuticas sistémicas dirigidas no sentido de tratar definitivamente a doença metastática. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é abordar a etiopatogenia, a apresentação clínica, o diagnóstico, o estadiamento, os testes genéticos e fundamentalmente o tratamento do CMT, tendo em conta as evidências mais recentes.

          Translated abstract

          Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor (1-2% of thyroid cancers) derived from the thyroid C cells producing calcitonin. Most MTC (75%) are sporadic, however, there are hereditary forms (25%) that are part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2, type 2A and 2B. All the patients with these syndromes have a germline mutation of the RET proto-oncogene and about 50% of the patients with sporadic form have somatic mutations of the same gene. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential. The gold standard for CMT diagnosis of a suspicious thyroid nodule is the fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), along with the measurement of serum calcitonin. Genetic testing, with screening for mutations of the RET gene, should be performed to all patients. The only curative treatment of CMT is total thyroidectomy with resection of the required cervical ganglion compartments. In patients with residual, recurrent or metastatic disease, the most appropriate treatment is still less clear, because most patients have indolent courses with slow progression for several years. Thereby, in most cases the prognosis is relatively good, and distant metastases are the main cause of death. Recently, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors, vandetanib and cabozantinib, have been approved for the treatment of progressive and symptomatic CMT and there are already several other inhibitors in clinical trials. These agents are static inhibitors of the disease, having no lytic or destructive action. For this reason, further studies are needed to understand the molecular basis of MTC and consequently find new systemic therapies that permanently treat metastatic disease. This review outlines advances in the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, genetic testing and fundamentally the treatment of CMT, in light of the most recent evidence.

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          Vandetanib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: a randomized, double-blind phase III trial.

          There is no effective therapy for patients with advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Vandetanib, a once-daily oral inhibitor of RET kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, has previously shown antitumor activity in a phase II study of patients with advanced hereditary MTC. Patients with advanced MTC were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive vandetanib 300 mg/d or placebo. On objective disease progression, patients could elect to receive open-label vandetanib. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS), determined by independent central Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) assessments. Between December 2006 and November 2007, 331 patients (mean age, 52 years; 90% sporadic; 95% metastatic) were randomly assigned to receive vandetanib (231) or placebo (100). At data cutoff (July 2009; median follow-up, 24 months), 37% of patients had progressed and 15% had died. The study met its primary objective of PFS prolongation with vandetanib versus placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.69; P < .001). Statistically significant advantages for vandetanib were also seen for objective response rate (P < .001), disease control rate (P = .001), and biochemical response (P < .001). Overall survival data were immature at data cutoff (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.48 to 1.65). A final survival analysis will take place when 50% of the patients have died. Common adverse events (any grade) occurred more frequently with vandetanib compared with placebo, including diarrhea (56% v 26%), rash (45% v 11%), nausea (33% v 16%), hypertension (32% v 5%), and headache (26% v 9%). Vandetanib demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in a phase III trial of patients with advanced MTC (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00410761).
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            Cabozantinib in progressive medullary thyroid cancer.

            Cabozantinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and rearranged during transfection (RET), demonstrated clinical activity in patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in phase I. We conducted a double-blind, phase III trial comparing cabozantinib with placebo in 330 patients with documented radiographic progression of metastatic MTC. Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to cabozantinib (140 mg per day) or placebo. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Additional outcome measures included tumor response rate, overall survival, and safety. The estimated median PFS was 11.2 months for cabozantinib versus 4.0 months for placebo (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.40; P < .001). Prolonged PFS with cabozantinib was observed across all subgroups including by age, prior TKI treatment, and RET mutation status (hereditary or sporadic). Response rate was 28% for cabozantinib and 0% for placebo; responses were seen regardless of RET mutation status. Kaplan-Meier estimates of patients alive and progression-free at 1 year are 47.3% for cabozantinib and 7.2% for placebo. Common cabozantinib-associated adverse events included diarrhea, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, decreased weight and appetite, nausea, and fatigue and resulted in dose reductions in 79% and holds in 65% of patients. Adverse events led to treatment discontinuation in 16% of cabozantinib-treated patients and in 8% of placebo-treated patients. Cabozantinib (140 mg per day) achieved a statistically significant improvement of PFS in patients with progressive metastatic MTC and represents an important new treatment option for patients with this rare disease. This dose of cabozantinib was associated with significant but manageable toxicity.
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              Germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A.

              Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) is a dominantly inherited cancer syndrome that affects tissues derived from neural ectoderm. It is characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and phaeochromocytoma. The MEN2A gene has recently been localized by a combination of genetic and physical mapping techniques to a 480-kilobase region in chromosome 10q11.2 (refs 2,3). The DNA segment encompasses the RET proto-oncogene, a receptor tyrosine kinase gene expressed in MTC and phaeochromocytoma and at lower levels in normal human thyroid. This suggested RET as a candidate for the MEN2A gene. We have identified missense mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in 20 of 23 apparently distinct MEN 2A families, but not in 23 normal controls. Further, 19 of these 20 mutations affect the same conserved cysteine residue at the boundary of the RET extracellular and transmembrane domains.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rpc
                Revista Portuguesa de Cirurgia
                Rev. Port. Cir.
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Cirurgia (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                1646-6918
                December 2017
                : 0
                : 43
                : 11-28
                Affiliations
                [02] Porto orgnameHospital São João orgdiv1Serviço de Cirurgia Geral orgdiv2Unidade de Cirurgia Endócrina e Cervical Portugal
                [01] orgnameUniversidade do Porto orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia
                Article
                S1646-69182017000400003
                badb9cf4-0dfa-4e9d-835a-efb0a6eaffd0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 June 2017
                : 20 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 125, Pages: 18
                Product

                SciELO Portugal


                multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B,calcitonin,multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A,RET,calcitonina,medullary thyroid cancer,neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 2A,carcinoma medular da tiroide,neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 2B

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