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      Correlation of skull morphology and bite force in a bird-eating bat ( Ia io; Vespertilionidae)

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          Abstract

          Background

          Genetic and ecological factors influence morphology, and morphology is compatible with function. The morphology and bite performance of skulls of bats show a number of characteristic feeding adaptations. The great evening bat, Ia io (Thomas, 1902), eats both insects and birds (Thabah et al. J Mammal 88: 728-735, 2007), and as such, it is considered to represent a case of dietary niche expansion from insects to birds. How the skull morphology or bite force in I. io are related to the expanded diet (that is, birds) remains unknown. We used three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the skulls and measurements of bite force and diets from I. io and 13 other species of sympatric or closely related bat species to investigate the characteristics and the correlation of skull morphology and bite force to diets.

          Results

          Significant differences in skull morphology and bite force among species and diets were observed in this study. Similar to the carnivorous bats, bird-eaters ( I. io) differed significantly from insectivorous bats; I. io had a larger skull size, taller crania, wider zygomatic arches, shorter but robust mandibles, and larger bite force than the insectivores. The skull morphology of bats was significantly associated with bite force whether controlling for phylogeny or not, but no significant correlations were found between diets and the skulls, or between diets and residual bite force, after controlling for phylogeny.

          Conclusions

          These results indicated that skull morphology was independent of diet, and phylogeny had a greater impact on skull morphology than diet in these species. The changes in skull size and morphology have led to variation in bite force, and finally different bat species feeding on different foods. In conclusion, I. io has a larger skull size, robust mandibles, shortened dentitions, longer coronoid processes, expanded angular processes, low condyles, and taller cranial sagittal crests, and wider zygomatic arches that provide this species with mechanical advantages; their greater bite force may help them use larger and hard-bodied birds as a dietary component.

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          Most cited references81

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          Phylogenetic signal and linear regression on species data

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            A generalized K statistic for estimating phylogenetic signal from shape and other high-dimensional multivariate data.

            Phylogenetic signal is the tendency for closely related species to display similar trait values due to their common ancestry. Several methods have been developed for quantifying phylogenetic signal in univariate traits and for sets of traits treated simultaneously, and the statistical properties of these approaches have been extensively studied. However, methods for assessing phylogenetic signal in high-dimensional multivariate traits like shape are less well developed, and their statistical performance is not well characterized. In this article, I describe a generalization of the K statistic of Blomberg et al. that is useful for quantifying and evaluating phylogenetic signal in highly dimensional multivariate data. The method (K(mult)) is found from the equivalency between statistical methods based on covariance matrices and those based on distance matrices. Using computer simulations based on Brownian motion, I demonstrate that the expected value of K(mult) remains at 1.0 as trait variation among species is increased or decreased, and as the number of trait dimensions is increased. By contrast, estimates of phylogenetic signal found with a squared-change parsimony procedure for multivariate data change with increasing trait variation among species and with increasing numbers of trait dimensions, confounding biological interpretations. I also evaluate the statistical performance of hypothesis testing procedures based on K(mult) and find that the method displays appropriate Type I error and high statistical power for detecting phylogenetic signal in high-dimensional data. Statistical properties of K(mult) were consistent for simulations using bifurcating and random phylogenies, for simulations using different numbers of species, for simulations that varied the number of trait dimensions, and for different underlying models of trait covariance structure. Overall these findings demonstrate that K(mult) provides a useful means of evaluating phylogenetic signal in high-dimensional multivariate traits. Finally, I illustrate the utility of the new approach by evaluating the strength of phylogenetic signal for head shape in a lineage of Plethodon salamanders.
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              Constraints on phenotypic evolution.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                fengj@nenu.edu.cn
                jiangtl730@nenu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Front Zool
                Front. Zool
                Frontiers in Zoology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1742-9994
                19 March 2020
                19 March 2020
                2020
                : 17
                : 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.27446.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1789 9163, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, , Northeast Normal University, ; 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.27446.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1789 9163, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, , Northeast Normal University, ; 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
                [3 ]GRID grid.464353.3, ISNI 0000 0000 9888 756X, College of Life Science, , Jilin Agricultural University, ; 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118 China
                Article
                354
                10.1186/s12983-020-00354-0
                7082990
                baeb1e9b-8c66-43eb-93b8-002f16d14901
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 3 December 2019
                : 11 March 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: The National Nature Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 31922050
                Award ID: 31872680
                Award ID: 31872681
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: The Fund of the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Project
                Award ID: 20180101024JC
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Animal science & Zoology
                3d geometric morphometrics,bird-eating bats,skull,bite force,diets,phylogeny
                Animal science & Zoology
                3d geometric morphometrics, bird-eating bats, skull, bite force, diets, phylogeny

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