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      On the challenges associated with the study of police use of deadly force in the United States: A response to Schwartz & Jahn

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      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          In response to Gabriel Schwartz and Jaquelyn Jahn’s descriptive study, “Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequalities, 2013–2017,” I provide three reflections. First, the framing of this issue is vitally important. Second, police-involved fatalities represent a nonrandom sample of all incidents involving police use of deadly force (i.e., physical force that causes or is likely to cause death), and unfortunately, we lack comprehensive data on use of deadly force that does not result in fatalities. Finally, to make sense of who is killed by the police, researchers must also identify who was exposed to the risk of being killed by the police.

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          Framing Theory

          Dennis Chong, James N. Druckman (2007)
          We review the meaning of the concept of framing, approaches to studying framing, and the effects of framing on public opinion. After defining framing and framing effects, we articulate a method for identifying frames in communication and a psychological model for understanding how such frames affect public opinion. We also discuss the relationship between framing and priming, outline future research directions, and describe the normative implications of framing.
          Article 0 comments Cited 608 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality.

            Ellen J MacKenzie, Frederick Rivara, Gregory Jurkovich … (2006)
            Hospitals have difficulty justifying the expense of maintaining trauma centers without strong evidence of their effectiveness. To address this gap, we examined differences in mortality between level 1 trauma centers and hospitals without a trauma center (non-trauma centers). Mortality outcomes were compared among patients treated in 18 hospitals with a level 1 trauma center and 51 hospitals non-trauma centers located in 14 states. Patients 18 to 84 years old with a moderate-to-severe injury were eligible. Complete data were obtained for 1104 patients who died in the hospital and 4087 patients who were discharged alive. We used propensity-score weighting to adjust for observable differences between patients treated at trauma centers and those treated at non-trauma centers. After adjustment for differences in the case mix, the in-hospital mortality rate was significantly lower at trauma centers than at non-trauma centers (7.6 percent vs. 9.5 percent; relative risk, 0.80; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.66 to 0.98), as was the one-year mortality rate (10.4 percent vs. 13.8 percent; relative risk, 0.75; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.95). The effects of treatment at a trauma center varied according to the severity of injury, with evidence to suggest that differences in mortality rates were primarily confined to patients with more severe injuries. Our findings show that the risk of death is significantly lower when care is provided in a trauma center than in a non-trauma center and argue for continued efforts at regionalization. Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Racial Health Disparities and Covid-19 — Caution and Context

              Merlin Chowkwanyun, Adolph Reed (2020)
              Article 0 comments Cited 294 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Justin Nix:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3812-8590
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jonathan Jackson: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 July 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0236158
                Affiliations
                [001]School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
                London School of Economics, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3812-8590
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-20-07969
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236158
                PMC ID: 7386827
                PubMed ID: 32722714
                SO-VID: baf0d82f-3a43-48fb-ac8f-553dee24e5d9
                Copyright © © 2020 Justin Nix
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 19 March 2020
                Date accepted : 24 June 2020
                Related
                Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Pages: 11
                Funding
                The author received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Formal Comment
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Law and Legal Sciences
                Subject: Criminal Justice System
                Subject: Law Enforcement
                Subject: Police
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Professions
                Subject: Police
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Traumatic Injury Risk Factors
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Criminology
                Subject: Crime
                Subject: Violent Crime
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: Engineering and Technology
                Subject: Equipment
                Subject: Weapons
                Subject: Firearms
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Criminology
                Subject: Crime
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Population Biology
                Subject: Population Metrics
                Subject: Death Rates
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geography
                Subject: Human Geography
                Subject: Urban Geography
                Subject: Urban Areas
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Human Geography
                Subject: Urban Geography
                Subject: Urban Areas
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geography
                Subject: Geographic Areas
                Subject: Urban Areas

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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