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      On the relationship between efficiency and wake structure of a batoid-inspired oscillating fin

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          Flying and swimming animals cruise at a Strouhal number tuned for high power efficiency.

          Dimensionless numbers are important in biomechanics because their constancy can imply dynamic similarity between systems, despite possible differences in medium or scale. A dimensionless parameter that describes the tail or wing kinematics of swimming and flying animals is the Strouhal number, St = fA/U, which divides stroke frequency (f) and amplitude (A) by forward speed (U). St is known to govern a well-defined series of vortex growth and shedding regimes for airfoils undergoing pitching and heaving motions. Propulsive efficiency is high over a narrow range of St and usually peaks within the interval 0.2 < St < 0.4 (refs 3-8). Because natural selection is likely to tune animals for high propulsive efficiency, we expect it to constrain the range of St that animals use. This seems to be true for dolphins, sharks and bony fish, which swim at 0.2 < St < 0.4. Here we show that birds, bats and insects also converge on the same narrow range of St, but only when cruising. Tuning cruise kinematics to optimize St therefore seems to be a general principle of oscillatory lift-based propulsion.
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            Oscillating foils of high propulsive efficiency

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              Particle Image Velocimetry

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                applab
                Journal of Fluid Mechanics
                J. Fluid Mech.
                Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                0022-1120
                1469-7645
                January 2012
                December 2011
                : 691
                :
                : 245-266
                Article
                10.1017/jfm.2011.472
                bb05e398-fc06-4835-9110-6405182fa8cc
                © 2012
                History

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