Assessing Relations between PTSD’s Dysphoria and Reexperiencing Factors and Dimensions of Rumination

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Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relations between posttraumatic stress disorder’s (PTSD) dysphoria and reexperiencing factors and underlying dimensions of rumination. 304 trauma-exposed primary care patients were administered the Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire, PTSD Symptom Scale based on their worst traumatic event, and Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTSQ). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to determine the dysphoria and reexperiencing factors’ relationships with the four factors of rumination. Results revealed that both the dysphoria and reexperiencing factors related more to problem-focused thinking and anticipatory thoughts than counterfactual thinking. Additionally, the reexperiencing factor related more to anticipatory thinking than repetitive thinking. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

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Most cited references 19

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Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (1991)

I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.

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Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood.

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Jannay Morrow, Barbara L. Fredrickson (1993)

We examined the relationship between ruminative and distracting styles of responding to depressed mood and the duration of mood. Seventy-nine subjects kept accounts of their moods and responses to their moods for 30 consecutive days. The majority of subjects (83%) showed consistent styles of responding to depressed mood. Regression analyses suggested that the more ruminative responses subjects engaged in, the longer their periods of depressed mood, even after taking into account the initial severity of the mood. In addition, women were more likely than men to have a ruminative response style and on some measures to have more severe and long-lasting periods of depression.

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Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Chris Brewin, Emily A. Holmes (2003)

We summarize recent research on the psychological processes implicated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an aid to evaluating theoretical models of the disorder. After describing a number of early approaches, including social-cognitive, conditioning, information-processing, and anxious apprehension models of PTSD, the article provides a comparative analysis and evaluation of three recent theories: Foa and Rothbaum's [Foa, E. B. & Rothbaum, B. O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford Press] emotional processing theory; Brewin, Dalgleish, and Joseph's [Psychological Review 103 (1996) 670] dual representation theory; Ehlers and Clark's [Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 319] cognitive theory. We review empirical evidence relevant to each model and identify promising areas for further research.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Christian Schmahl: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date (Electronic): 4 March 2015

Publication date Collection: 2015

Volume: 10

Issue: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: e0118435

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America

[2 ]Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

[3 ]Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Baylor College of Medicine, The Menninger Clinic, Houston, Texas, United States of America

[4 ]San Francisco Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America

[5 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America

Central Institute of Mental Health, GERMANY

Author notes

Competing Interests: JDE is a PLOS ONE Editorial Board member. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE Editorial policies and criteria.

Conceived and designed the experiments: JDE KCR. Performed the experiments: JDE KCR. Analyzed the data: MAC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JDE. Wrote the paper: MAC LW CS KCR JDE.

* E-mail: contact@ 123456jon-elhai.com

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-14-29893

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118435

PMC ID: 4349788

PubMed ID: 25738868

SO-VID: bb1fa76f-6d6a-4873-802a-a303d2741460

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

History

Date received : 11 July 2014

Date accepted : 14 January 2015

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 7, Pages: 13

Funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

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Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Assessing Relations between PTSD’s Dysphoria and Reexperiencing Factors and Dimensions of Rumination

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Abstract

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Most cited references 19

Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.

Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood.

Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder.

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