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      Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Structures by Fiber-Optic Sensors †

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          Abstract

          Fiber-optic sensors cannot measure damage; to get information about damage from strain measurements, additional strategies are needed, and several alternatives are available in the existing literature. This paper discusses two independent procedures. The first is based on detecting new strains appearing around a damage spot. The structure does not need to be under loads, the technique is very robust, and damage detectability is high, but it requires sensors to be located very close to the damage, so it is a local technique. The second approach offers wider coverage of the structure; it is based on identifying the changes caused by damage on the strain field in the whole structure for similar external loads. Damage location does not need to be known a priori, and detectability is dependent upon the sensor’s network density, the damage size, and the external loads. Examples of application to real structures are given.

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          An introduction to structural health monitoring.

          Charles R. Farrar, Keith Worden (2007)
          The process of implementing a damage identification strategy for aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering infrastructure is referred to as structural health monitoring (SHM). Here, damage is defined as changes to the material and/or geometric properties of these systems, including changes to the boundary conditions and system connectivity, which adversely affect the system's performance. A wide variety of highly effective local non-destructive evaluation tools are available for such monitoring. However, the majority of SHM research conducted over the last 30 years has attempted to identify damage in structures on a more global basis. The past 10 years have seen a rapid increase in the amount of research related to SHM as quantified by the significant escalation in papers published on this subject. The increased interest in SHM and its associated potential for significant life-safety and economic benefits has motivated the need for this theme issue. This introduction begins with a brief history of SHM technology development. Recent research has begun to recognize that the SHM problem is fundamentally one of the statistical pattern recognition (SPR) and a paradigm to address such a problem is described in detail herein as it forms the basis for organization of this theme issue. In the process of providing the historical overview and summarizing the SPR paradigm, the subsequent articles in this theme issue are cited in an effort to show how they fit into this overview of SHM. In conclusion, technical challenges that must be addressed if SHM is to gain wider application are discussed in a general manner.
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            A Review of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors for Civil Engineering Applications

            António Barrias, Joan Casas, Sergi Villalba (2016)
            The application of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to civil engineering structures has been a developing studied and practiced topic, that has allowed for a better understanding of structures’ conditions and increasingly lead to a more cost-effective management of those infrastructures. In this field, the use of fiber optic sensors has been studied, discussed and practiced with encouraging results. The possibility of understanding and monitor the distributed behavior of extensive stretches of critical structures it’s an enormous advantage that distributed fiber optic sensing provides to SHM systems. In the past decade, several R & D studies have been performed with the goal of improving the knowledge and developing new techniques associated with the application of distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) in order to widen the range of applications of these sensors and also to obtain more correct and reliable data. This paper presents, after a brief introduction to the theoretical background of DOFS, the latest developments related with the improvement of these products by presenting a wide range of laboratory experiments as well as an extended review of their diverse applications in civil engineering structures.
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              Fibre Optic Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Aircraft Composite Structures: Recent Advances and Applications

              Raffaella Di Sante (2015)
              In-service structural health monitoring of composite aircraft structures plays a key role in the assessment of their performance and integrity. In recent years, Fibre Optic Sensors (FOS) have proved to be a potentially excellent technique for real-time in-situ monitoring of these structures due to their numerous advantages, such as immunity to electromagnetic interference, small size, light weight, durability, and high bandwidth, which allows a great number of sensors to operate in the same system, and the possibility to be integrated within the material. However, more effort is still needed to bring the technology to a fully mature readiness level. In this paper, recent research and applications in structural health monitoring of composite aircraft structures using FOS have been critically reviewed, considering both the multi-point and distributed sensing techniques.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 April 2018
                Publication date Collection: April 2018
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1094
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department Aeronautics, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; antonio.fernandez.lopez@ 123456upm.es (A.F.-L.); p.fernandezdm@ 123456gmail.com (P.F.D.-M.); angel.lmrtn@ 123456gmail.com (A.L.)
                [2 ]Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín 050031, Colombia; julian.sierra@ 123456upb.edu.co
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: alfredo.guemes@ 123456upm.es ; Tel.: +34-91-336-6327
                [†]

                The work was an extended version of our paper published in Güemes, A.; Fernández-López, A.; Díaz-Maroto, P.F.; Lozano, A.; Sierra-Perez, J. Local and Global Approaches for Damage Detection in Composite Structures by Fiber Optic Sensor. In Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Stanford, CA, USA, 12–14 September 2017.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8825-2098
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-18-01094
                DOI: 10.3390/s18041094
                PMC ID: 5948525
                PubMed ID: 29617345
                SO-VID: bb272d94-334c-439d-8af8-e5bd21ecac4a
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 February 2018
                Date accepted : 03 April 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: structural health monitoring (shm),distributed sensing,principal component analysis (pca)
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: structural health monitoring (shm), distributed sensing, principal component analysis (pca)

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