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      Correlación entre la radiografía de tórax y el ecocardiograma para la valoración de cardiomegalia en pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica Translated title: Correlation between chest radiography and the echocardiogram to evaluate cardiomegaly in patients with systemic arterial hypertension

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          Abstract

          La radiografía posteroanterior de tórax (Rx) es empleada rutinariamente por el clínico como herramienta para el estudio del paciente con hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) a fin de evaluar las dimensiones del corazón. Sin embargo, la sensibilidad más alta reportada para la valoración del crecimiento cardíaco empleando este método es del 77.3%, frente al ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) que alcanza entre el 90 y 100%. La finalidad de este estudio fue determinar en nuestra población de pacientes con HAS, la correlación entre la Rx y el ETT en la valoración de cardiomegalia. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó ETT a 72 pacientes con HAS y cardiomegalia radiológica graduada con base en los valores del índice cardiotorácico (ICT). Se determinaron los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y Spearman. La significancia se fijó en < 0.05. Resultados: Cuarenta y un (56.9%) pacientes fueron mujeres y 31 (43.1%) hombres. La edad fue de 62.4 ± 10 años (43-83 años). Fue observada hipertrofia concéntrica ventricular izquierda (HCVI) en 56 (77.8%). En 13 (18.0%) pacientes el diámetro diastólico final del ventrículo izquierdo (DDFVI) fue superior al valor normal. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre el grosor septal interventricular en diastole (GSD) y el ICT fue de 0.285 (p < 0.05). Mientras que entre el DDFVI y la cardiomegalia radiológica fue de 0.203 (p = NS). Conclusiones: En pacientes con HAS la cardiomegalia radiológica guarda correlación con hipertrofia ventricular izquierda pero no con dilatación ventricular.

          Translated abstract

          The chest radiography is used routinely by the clinician as a tool in the scan of patients with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) to evaluate the dimensions of the heart. However the highest reported sensitivity forthe evaluation of heart growth with this method is 77.3% in contrast to the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) that reaches between 90 to 100%. The aim of this study was assess in our population of patients with SAH, the correlation between chest radiography and the TTE in regard to cardiomegaly. Patients and methods: Seventy two patients with SAH and radiological cardiomegaly, graded by measuring the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), were evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography.The Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients between both methods were assessed. Significance level was set at < 0.05. Results: Forty one (56.9%) patients were women and 31 (43.1%) were men. The age was 62.4 ± 10 years (43-83 years). Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (LVCH) was found in 56 (77.8%) patients. In 13 (18%) patients the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was higher than the normal value. The correlation coefficient between the diastolic ventricular septal thickness (DST) and CTR was 0.285 (p < 0.05) and between the LVEDD and radiological cardiomegaly was 0.203 (p = NS). Conclusions: In patients with SAH, the radiological evidence of cardiomegaly keeps a correlation with ventricular hypertrophy, but not with ventricular dilation.

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          Most cited references23

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          Methods for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: application to hypertensive heart disease.

          Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) detected by electrocardiography (ECG) and, more recently, by echocardiography has been shown to be an extremely strong predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with essential hypertension and in members of the general population. Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) is strongly related to both increased blood pressure and overweight. Indexation of LVM by body surface or height has advantages for the detection of LVH related to hypertension or obesity. Indexation of LVM for height to the power 2.7 revealed by analysis of growth (allometric) relations may accomplish both these goals. In validation studies, the sensitivity of echocardiography to detect LVH has been reasonably high (85-100%), whereas that of ECG has ranged from as high as 50% in severely diseased necropsy populations to as low as 6-17% in recent studies in Cornell and Framingham. ECG sensitivity can be improved by using Cornell multivariate regression equations or by consideration of the Cornell voltage-QRS duration product. Obesity dramatically decreases the sensitivity of the ECG for detection of LVH, and recent research suggests a lower specificity and a higher rate of false-positive ECG diagnoses of LVH in black than in white subjects. Standard criteria for ECG LVH are less useful than echocardiographic findings for stratifying populations into high- and low-risk subgroups because of lower sensitivity, but improved ECG criteria need further evaluation in this respect.
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            The relationship between cardiothoracic ratio and left ventricular ejection fraction in congestive heart failure. Digitalis Investigation Group.

            Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) is a valuable prognostic index in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Although EF can be readily measured, many clinicians use roentgenographic heart size as a clue to differentiate systolic from diastolic dysfunction, even in the absence of solid supportive data. To test the hypothesis that the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) measured from the chest roentgenogram can be used to estimate left ventricular EF in individuals with CHF. To answer this question, the database of the Digitalis Investigation Group trial was used. The CTR, determined using the Danzer method, and quantitative EF, measured locally using angiographic, radionuclide, or 2-dimensional echocardiographic techniques, were compared in 7476 patients with clinical CHF (New York Heart Association functional classes I-IV) due to acquired left-sided cardiac disease of ischemic, hypertensive, idiopathic, and alcohol-related causes. Mean (+/-SD) CTR for the cohort was 0.53+/-.07. Mean (+/-SD) EF was 31.7%+/-12.2%. A weak, negative correlation between CTR and EF was observed (r=-0.176). Similar findings were obtained when the results were stratified by cause of CHF, presence of clinically defined right ventricular dysfunction, and method of EF measurement. Categorical analysis failed to yield a CTR cutoff point that facilitated useful segregation of individuals with an EF greater than 35% or 35% and below; greater than 40% or 40% and below; and greater than 45% or 45% and below in any patient group. Although a weak, negative correlation exists between CTR and EF, this relationship does not allow for accurate determination of systolic function in individual patients with CHF. Considering the morbidity and mortality associated with CHF, and the clinical implications of systolic function in this syndrome, direct measurement of EF is recommended.
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              How well can the chest radiograph diagnose left ventricular dysfunction?

              To review the diagnostic utility of the chest radiograph for left ventricular dysfunction. Structured MEDLINE searches, citation reviews of relevant primary research, review articles, and textbooks, personal files, and data from experts. Studies of patients without valvular disease that allowed calculation of the sensitivity and specificity of selected radiographic signs compared with a criterion standard of increased left ventricular preload or reduced ejection fraction. Two independent readers reviewed 29 studies. Studies were pooled after stratification by radiographic finding, criterion standard, and clinical setting. Redistribution best diagnosed increased preload with a sensitivity of 65% (95% confidence interval [CI] 55%, 75%) and specificity 67% (95% CI 53%, 79%). Cardiomegaly best diagnosed decreased ejection fraction with a sensitivity of of 51% (95% CI 43%, 60%) and specificity of 79% (95% CI 71%, 85%). Interrater reliability was fair to moderate for redistribution and moderate for cardiomegaly. The clinical setting affected results by decreasing the specificity of cardiomegaly to 8% in detecting increased preload in patients with severe systolic dysfunction. The absence of redistribution could only exclude increased preload in situations in which the suspicion (pretest probability) of disease was less than 9%, whereas redistribution could confirm increased preload when the pretest probability was greater than 91%. The absence of cardiomegaly could only exclude a reduced ejection fraction if the pretest probability was less than 8%, whereas cardiomegaly could confirm a reduced ejection fraction if the pretest probability was greater than 87%. Redistribution and cardiomegaly are the best chest radiographic findings for diagnosing increased preload and reduced ejection fraction, respectively. Unfortunately, neither finding alone can adequately exclude or confirm left ventricular dysfunction in usual clinical settings. Redistribution is not always reliably interpreted.
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                Author and article information

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                Journal
                acm
                Archivos de cardiología de México
                Arch. Cardiol. Méx.
                Elsevier (México )
                1405-9940
                June 2006
                : 76
                : 2
                : 179-184
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Médico Nacional La Raza Mexico
                Article
                S1405-99402006000200007
                bb508b4a-0166-4894-8546-6ebd546521d2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                Cardiomegaly,Chest radiography,Echocardiography,Cardiomegalia,Radiografía,Ecocardiografía

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