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      A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets

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          Abstract

          The Global Deal for Nature sets an ambitious agenda to protect our biosphere through ecosystem conservation and land restoration.

          Abstract

          The Global Deal for Nature (GDN) is a time-bound, science-driven plan to save the diversity and abundance of life on Earth. Pairing the GDN and the Paris Climate Agreement would avoid catastrophic climate change, conserve species, and secure essential ecosystem services. New findings give urgency to this union: Less than half of the terrestrial realm is intact, yet conserving all native ecosystems—coupled with energy transition measures—will be required to remain below a 1.5°C rise in average global temperature. The GDN targets 30% of Earth to be formally protected and an additional 20% designated as climate stabilization areas, by 2030, to stay below 1.5°C. We highlight the 67% of terrestrial ecoregions that can meet 30% protection, thereby reducing extinction threats and carbon emissions from natural reservoirs. Freshwater and marine targets included here extend the GDN to all realms and provide a pathway to ensuring a more livable biosphere.

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          Most cited references62

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          Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity.

          Human-driven land-use changes increasingly threaten biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests where both species diversity and human pressures on natural environments are high. The rapid conversion of tropical forests for agriculture, timber production and other uses has generated vast, human-dominated landscapes with potentially dire consequences for tropical biodiversity. Today, few truly undisturbed tropical forests exist, whereas those degraded by repeated logging and fires, as well as secondary and plantation forests, are rapidly expanding. Here we provide a global assessment of the impact of disturbance and land conversion on biodiversity in tropical forests using a meta-analysis of 138 studies. We analysed 2,220 pairwise comparisons of biodiversity values in primary forests (with little or no human disturbance) and disturbed forests. We found that biodiversity values were substantially lower in degraded forests, but that this varied considerably by geographic region, taxonomic group, ecological metric and disturbance type. Even after partly accounting for confounding colonization and succession effects due to the composition of surrounding habitats, isolation and time since disturbance, we find that most forms of forest degradation have an overwhelmingly detrimental effect on tropical biodiversity. Our results clearly indicate that when it comes to maintaining tropical biodiversity, there is no substitute for primary forests.
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            Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock

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              Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining

              Fisheries data assembled by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) suggest that global marine fisheries catches increased to 86 million tonnes in 1996, then slightly declined. Here, using a decade-long multinational ‘catch reconstruction' project covering the Exclusive Economic Zones of the world's maritime countries and the High Seas from 1950 to 2010, and accounting for all fisheries, we identify catch trajectories differing considerably from the national data submitted to the FAO. We suggest that catch actually peaked at 130 million tonnes, and has been declining much more strongly since. This decline in reconstructed catches reflects declines in industrial catches and to a smaller extent declining discards, despite industrial fishing having expanded from industrialized countries to the waters of developing countries. The differing trajectories documented here suggest a need for improved monitoring of all fisheries, including often neglected small-scale fisheries, and illegal and other problematic fisheries, as well as discarded bycatch.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Adv
                Sci Adv
                SciAdv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                April 2019
                19 April 2019
                : 5
                : 4
                : eaaw2869
                Affiliations
                [1 ]RESOLVE, Washington, DC, USA.
                [2 ]National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
                [3 ]University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
                [4 ]George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
                [5 ]University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
                [6 ]Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
                [7 ]Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
                [8 ]UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.
                [9 ]Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
                [10 ]Florida Institute for Conservation Science, Chuluota, FL, USA.
                [11 ]State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
                [12 ]Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
                [13 ]Google, Mountain View, CA, USA.
                [14 ]Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
                [15 ]Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA.
                [16 ]Environmental Foundation Ltd., Colombo, Sri Lanka.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: edinerstein@ 123456resolv.org
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6230-3937
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3656-2887
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-3570
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2565-5495
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-6568
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-8588
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-6421
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-7524
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5401-1114
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-8746
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-9409
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6139-9946
                Article
                aaw2869
                10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869
                6474764
                31016243
                bb57fd7d-bf3d-43cd-b95e-e3c48da781ea
                Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 December 2018
                : 28 March 2019
                Categories
                Review
                Reviews
                SciAdv reviews
                Applied Ecology
                Science Policy
                Science Policy
                Custom metadata
                Judith Urtula

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