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      9G DNAChip Technology: Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) of ssDNA for Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Biomarkers

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          Abstract

          A 9G DNAChip obtained by allowing the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of oligonucleotides appended with nine consecutive guanines on the chip surface has been applied in the detection of biomarkers. Using a 9G DNAChip, biomarker in the concentration range of 4 pg/mL to 40 fg/mL can be easily differentiated in the buffer matrix. Moreover, it is the first time that a biomarker with a concentration of 40 fg/mL has been detected in a mixture of proteins without use of any signal amplification technique.

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          Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

          Rudolf M. Lequin (2005)
          This brief note addresses the historical background of the invention of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These assays were developed independently and simultaneously by the research group of Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden and by the research group of Anton Schuurs and Bauke van Weemen in The Netherlands. Today, fully automated instruments in medical laboratories around the world use the immunoassay principle with an enzyme as the reporter label for routine measurements of innumerable analytes in patient samples. The impact of EIA/ELISA is reflected in the overwhelmingly large number of times it has appeared as a keyword in the literature since the 1970s. Clinicians and their patients, medical laboratories, in vitro diagnostics manufacturers, and worldwide healthcare systems owe much to these four inventors.
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            Multiplex bead array assays: performance evaluation and comparison of sensitivity to ELISA.

            J. Philip McCoy, Mohamed Elshal (2006)
            The measurement of soluble cytokines and other analytes in serum and plasma is becoming increasingly important in the study and management of many diseases. As a result, there is a growing demand for rapid, precise, and cost-effective measurement of such analytes in both clinical and research laboratories. Multiplex bead array assays provide quantitative measurement of large numbers of analytes using an automated 96-well plate format. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) have long been the standard for quantitative analysis of cytokines and other biomarkers, but are not well suited for high throughput multiplex analyses. However, prior to replacement of ELISA assays with multiplex bead array assays, there is a need to know how comparable these two methods are for quantitative analyses. A number of published studies have compared these two methods and it is apparent that certain elements of these assays, such as the clones of monoclonal antibodies used for detection and reporting, are pivotal in obtaining similar results from both assays. By careful consideration of these variables, it should be possible to utilize multiplex bead array assays in lieu of ELISAs for studies requiring high throughput analysis of numerous analytes.
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              Serum protein markers for early detection of ovarian cancer.

              Irene Visintin, Thomas Rutherford, Patricia Bray … (2005)
              Early diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) would significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality from this disease but is difficult in the absence of physical symptoms. Here, we report a blood test, based on the simultaneous quantization of four analytes (leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, and insulin-like growth factor-II), that can discriminate between disease-free and EOC patients, including patients diagnosed with stage I and II disease, with high efficiency (95%). Microarray analysis was used initially to determine the levels of 169 proteins in serum from 28 healthy women, 18 women newly diagnosed with EOC, and 40 women with recurrent disease. Evaluation of proteins that showed significant differences in expression between controls and cancer patients by ELISA assays yielded the four analytes. These four proteins then were evaluated in a blind cross-validation study by using an additional 106 healthy females and 100 patients with EOC (24 stage I/II and 76 stage III/IV). Upon sample decoding, the results were analyzed by using three different classification algorithms and a binary code methodology. The four-analyte test was further validated in a blind binary code study by using 40 additional serum samples from normal and EOC cancer patients. No single protein could completely distinguish the cancer group from the healthy controls. However, the combination of the four analytes exhibited the following: sensitivity 95%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95%, specificity 95%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 94%, a considerable improvement on current methodology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date Collection: March 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 March 2013
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 5723-5733
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea; E-Mails: satish_nimse@ 123456hallym.ac.kr (S.B.N.); danishrs@ 123456gmail.com (D.R.S.)
                [2 ]Biometrix Technology, Inc. 202 BioVenture Plaza, Chuncheon 200-161, Korea; E-Mails: hanlimsk@ 123456empas.com (K.-S.S.); hunsjung@ 123456nate.com (J.K.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tskim@ 123456hallym.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2078 (ext. 123); Fax: +82-33-256-3421.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-14-05723
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035723
                PMC ID: 3634481
                PubMed ID: 23481635
                SO-VID: bb739bf1-adca-4156-98d7-05c5d02ee3af
                Copyright statement: © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 08 December 2012
                Date revision received : 01 February 2013
                Date accepted : 04 March 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: 9g dnachip,biomarker,c-reactive protein,hybridization,sam of ssdna,self-assembly
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: 9g dnachip, biomarker, c-reactive protein, hybridization, sam of ssdna, self-assembly

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