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      Allostatic Load Is Linked to Cortical Thickness Changes Depending on Body-Weight Status

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          Abstract

          Objective: Overweight (body mass index or BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2) and stress interact with each other in complex ways. Overweight promotes chronic low-inflammation states, while stress is known to mediate caloric intake. Both conditions are linked to several avoidable health problems and to cognitive decline, brain atrophy, and dementia. Since it was proposed as a framework for the onset of mental illness, the allostatic load model has received increasing attention. Although changes in health and cognition related to overweight and stress are well-documented separately, the association between allostatic load and brain integrity has not been addressed in depth, especially among overweight subjects.

          Method: Thirty-four healthy overweight-to-obese and 29 lean adults underwent blood testing, neuropsychological examination, and magnetic resonance imaging to assess the relationship between cortical thickness and allostatic load, represented as an index of 15 biomarkers (this is, systolic and diastolic arterial tension, glycated hemoglobin, glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, c-reactive protein, interleukin-6, insulin, cortisol, fibrinogen, and leptin).

          Results: Allostatic load indexes showed widespread positive and negative significant correlations ( p < 0.01) with cortical thickness values depending on body-weight status.

          Conclusion: The increase of allostatic load is linked to changes in the gray matter composition of regions monitoring behavior, sensory-reward processing, and general cognitive function.

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          Most cited references43

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          A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI.

          We present a novel skull-stripping algorithm based on a hybrid approach that combines watershed algorithms and deformable surface models. Our method takes advantage of the robustness of the former as well as the surface information available to the latter. The algorithm first localizes a single white matter voxel in a T1-weighted MRI image, and uses it to create a global minimum in the white matter before applying a watershed algorithm with a preflooding height. The watershed algorithm builds an initial estimate of the brain volume based on the three-dimensional connectivity of the white matter. This first step is robust, and performs well in the presence of intensity nonuniformities and noise, but may erode parts of the cortex that abut bright nonbrain structures such as the eye sockets, or may remove parts of the cerebellum. To correct these inaccuracies, a surface deformation process fits a smooth surface to the masked volume, allowing the incorporation of geometric constraints into the skull-stripping procedure. A statistical atlas, generated from a set of accurately segmented brains, is used to validate and potentially correct the segmentation, and the MRI intensity values are locally re-estimated at the boundary of the brain. Finally, a high-resolution surface deformation is performed that accurately matches the outer boundary of the brain, resulting in a robust and automated procedure. Studies by our group and others outperform other publicly available skull-stripping tools. Copyright 2004 Elsevier Inc.
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            Obesity-Induced Neuroinflammation: Beyond the Hypothalamus.

            Obesity is now a worldwide health issue. Far from being limited to weight gain, obesity is generally associated with low-grade inflammation and with a cluster of disorders collectively known as the 'metabolic syndrome'. When considering obesity and the subsequent neuroinflammation, the focus was long set on the hypothalamus. More recently, obesity-derived neuroinflammation has been shown to affect other brain structures such as the hippocampus, cortex, brainstem, or amygdala. Furthermore, obesity has been associated with increased occurrence of central disorders such as depression and impaired cognitive function. We discuss here the effects and mechanisms of obesity-derived neuroinflammation, with a specific emphasis on extra-hypothalamic structures, as well as the repercussions of neuroinflammation for some cerebral functions.
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              A validation study of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in a Spanish population

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front Hum Neurosci
                Front. Hum. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5161
                22 December 2017
                2017
                : 11
                : 639
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
                [2] 2Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
                [3] 3Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu , Barcelona, Spain
                [4] 4Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada
                [5] 5Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
                [6] 6Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer , Barcelona, Spain
                [7] 7CAP Terrassa Nord, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa , Barcelona, Spain
                [8] 8Brain, Cognition and Behavior Clinical Research Group, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa , Terrassa, Spain
                [9] 9Unitat de Neuropsicologia, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa , Barcelona, Spain
                Author notes

                Edited by: Burkhard Pleger, University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany

                Reviewed by: Stefanie Heba, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil GmbH, Germany; Erika J. Wolf, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine, United States

                *Correspondence: María A. Jurado majurado@ 123456ub.edu
                Article
                10.3389/fnhum.2017.00639
                5770747
                29375342
                bb9c4a04-530e-4ed1-8cfc-6d424a099101
                Copyright © 2017 Ottino-González, Jurado, García-García, Segura, Marqués-Iturria, Sender-Palacios, Tor, Prats-Soteras, Caldú, Junqué and Garolera.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 19 October 2017
                : 15 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 11, Words: 7915
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad 10.13039/501100003329
                Award ID: PSI2013-48045-C2-1-P
                Award ID: PSI2013-48045-C2-2-P
                Funded by: Universitat de Barcelona 10.13039/501100005774
                Award ID: ADR2015-2016
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Original Research

                Neurosciences
                overweight,obesity,allostatic load,chronic stress,inflammation,cortical thickness,magnetic resonance imaging

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