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      Factores asociados a mal estado de salud percibido o a mala calidad de vida en personas mayores de 65 años Translated title: Factors Related to Perceived Poor Health Condition or Poor Quality of Life among those over Age 65

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          Abstract

          Fundamento: Hoy en día, en los países desarrollados, llegar a una edad avanzada ha dejado de ser algo excepcional, sin embargo muchas personas no logran envejecer con una buena calidad de vida. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos, contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de los principales factores que influyen en la calidad de vida y la percepción de la salud de los mayores de 65 años, así como determinar qué ventajas y desventajas presenta cada uno de los tres instrumentos de medida de la salud y la calidad de vida frente a los otros dos instrumentos utilizados. Métodos: A partir de 911 encuestas a personas mayores de 65 años no institucionalizadas, realizadas a domicilio, se hizo un análisis multivariante mediante regresión logística, poniendo en relación los resultados obtenidos en el Perfil de Salud de Nottingham (PSN), el Euroqol y el EAS con las caracterísiticas sociodemográficas, el nivel de recursos económicos, el grado de apoyo sociofamiliar, el estado de salud física y mental y la capacidad funcional. Resultados: Los principales factores que se asocian con la percepción de un mal estado de salud y mala calidad de vida en el Euroqol y el PSN son los trastornos de ansiedad (Odd Ratios entre 1,8(IC:1,2-2,8) para movilidad y 7,9(IC:4,5-13,9) para Perfil ≠11111), trastornos depresivos (OR:1,8(IC:1,3-2,6) para dolor/malestar- 3,3(IC:2,1-5,1) para aislamiento social), falta de ejercicio (OR:1,4 (IC:1-2,1) para ansiedad/depresión -3,9(IC:2,5-6,2) para actividades cotidianas), dependencia para las actividades básicas de la vida diaria (OR:0,5(IC:0,3-0,9) para reacción emocional - 4,8(IC:3-7,6) para actividades cotidianas) y dependencia para las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (OR:1,5(IC:1,1-2,1) para Escala Visual Analógicac<70 - 7,1(IC:2,9-17,2) para cuidado personal). Conclusiones: La salud mental y la capacidad funcional son los factores que más influyen en la percepción del estado de salud y la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. Dado que los tres instrumentos utilizados han obtenido resultados semejantes, el Euroqol ofrece ventajas por su brevedad, incluyendo una valoración global y por dimensiones.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Nowadays, in the developed countries, a long lifespan is no longer the exception to the rule, however there are still many people who even today do not manage to age with a good quality of life. The objectives of this study are, first of all, to contribute to a better knowledge of the main factors which have an impact on the quality of life and the perceived health condition of those over age 65 and, secondly, to determine what advantages and disadvantages involved in each one of the tools for gauging health and quality of life as compared to the other two tools employed. Methods: Based on 911 home surveys of non-institutionalized individuals over age 65, a multivariate analysis was made using Logistic regression, relating the results obtained in the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), the EuroQol and the Self Perceived Health Status to the socio-demographic characteristics, the level of economic resources, the degree of social-family support, the physical and mental health condition and the functional capacity. Results: The main factors related to the perception of a poor health condition and a poor quality of life in the EuroQol and the NHP are anxiety disorders (Odds Ratio ranging from 1.8(IC:1.2-2.8) for mobility and 7.9(IC:4.5-13.9) for Profile*11111), depressive disorders (OR:1.8(IC:1.3-2.6) for pain/discomfort- 3.3(IC:2.1-5.1) for social isolation), lack of exercise (OR:1.4 (IC:1-2.1) for anxiety/depression -3.9(IC:2.5-6.2) for everyday activities), dependence for basic everyday living activities (OR:0.5(IC:0.3-0.9) for emotional reaction - 4.8(IC:3-7.6) for everyday activities) and dependence for the instrumental daily living activities (OR:1.5(IC:1.1-2.1) for Analog Visual Scale c<70 - 7.1(IC:2.9-17.2) for personal care). Conclusions: Mental health and functioning capacity are the factors which have the greatest bearing on the perception of health condition and quality of life of individuals over age 65. Given that the three tools used have led to similar results, the EuroQol has advantages to offer due to its short length, including an overall evaluation by dimensions.

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            The structure of health status among older adults: disease, disability, functional limitation, and perceived health.

            This article builds on earlier conceptualizations of the structure of health status to propose a more complex, multiequation model that examines the interrelationships among its various dimensions. As such, the focus is not merely on the identification of the direct effects of a variety of factors on perceived health status, but on how the constructs of disease, functional limitation, and self-rated health interrelate. In so doing, we expose the inherent problems of several complex and contaminated items routinely included in applications of established functional health status measures. The source of these problems lies in the lack of specificity or conceptual clarity for the individual items in these established measures. Potential biases are discussed, and several methods and strategies for addressing these problems are explored. Alternative scales are constructed and their psychometric properties are presented. Researchers who rely on public use data bases containing these scales should be aware of the potential biases and either modify the scales or use other appropriate methodologies to control for the measurement contamination.
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              Using the EuroQoI 5-D in the Catalan general population: feasibility and construct validity.

              Spanish and Catalan versions of the EuroQoi 5-D (EQ-5D) were included in the Catalan Health Interview Survey (CHIS) and administered to a randomly selected cross-section of 12,245 individuals from the Catalan general population. This paper analyses the feasibility, convergent validity and construct validity of three parts of the EQ-5D (the descriptive system, the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Spanish tariff) using the results obtained in the CHIS. The feasibility was assessed by the number of missing responses. The convergent validity was based on the correlations between the EQ-5D scores and the scores on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and on an index of self-perceived overall health. The construct validity was assessed by analysing the degree to which lower scores on the EQ-5D correlated positively with increasing age, being female, being in a lower social class or having a lower level of education and with increasing levels of disability, co-morbidity, restricted activity, mental health problems and poor self-perceived health. A low number of missing responses on the descriptive system and the VAS (1.5%) indicated a high level of acceptance. A marked ceiling effect was found, with 67% of the sample reporting no problem in any EQ dimension. The convergent validity with the GHQ was generally low, though moderate on the mood dimension. Self-perceived overall health correlated moderately to strongly with the mean VAS and tariff values. The positive correlations between lower scores on all three elements of the EQ-5D and increasing age, increasing levels of disability, comorbidity, restricted activity, mental health problems and poor self-perceived health provide some evidence of the instrument's construct validity, as does the fact that women reported more problems than men. Multivariate analyses using the VAS and tariff values as dependent variables and all of the sociodemographic and health variables as independent variables reached R2 values of 0.45 and 0.81, respectively. The Spanish and Catalan versions of the EQ-5D have proved to be feasible and valid for use in health interview surveys.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Rev. Esp. Salud Publica
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                December 2002
                : 76
                : 6
                : 683-699
                Affiliations
                [02] Madrid orgnameHospital Ramón y Cajal
                [04] Madrid orgnameÁrea 4 orgdiv1Gerencia de Atención Primaria
                [06] Coslada Madrid orgnameCentro de Salud Jaime Vera
                [03] Madrid orgnameHospital la Princesa
                [01] Talavera de la Reina orgnameGerencia de Atención Primaria
                [05] Árganda Madrid orgnameÁrea 1 orgdiv1Centro de Salud Pública
                Article
                S1135-57272002000600005 S1135-5727(02)07600600005
                10.1590/S1135-57272002000600005
                bbce0503-3e2b-4a9e-a0c0-c89594b7ba62

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 17
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Anciano,Elderly,Perfil de Salud,Nottingham Health Profile,Quality of life,Euroqol,Estado de salud,Health status,Calidad de vida

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