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      The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2013/14: Transporters

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          Abstract

          The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands ( www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full.

          Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets.

          It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.

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          Most cited references610

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          Sensors and regulators of intracellular pH.

          Protons dictate the charge and structure of macromolecules and are used as energy currency by eukaryotic cells. The unique function of individual organelles therefore depends on the establishment and stringent maintenance of a distinct pH. This, in turn, requires a means to sense the prevailing pH and to respond to deviations from the norm with effective mechanisms to transport, produce or consume proton equivalents. A dynamic, finely tuned balance between proton-extruding and proton-importing processes underlies pH homeostasis not only in the cytosol, but in other cellular compartments as well.
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            Sugar transporters for intercellular exchange and nutrition of pathogens.

            Sugar efflux transporters are essential for the maintenance of animal blood glucose levels, plant nectar production, and plant seed and pollen development. Despite broad biological importance, the identity of sugar efflux transporters has remained elusive. Using optical glucose sensors, we identified a new class of sugar transporters, named SWEETs, and show that at least six out of seventeen Arabidopsis, two out of over twenty rice and two out of seven homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans, and the single copy human protein, mediate glucose transport. Arabidopsis SWEET8 is essential for pollen viability, and the rice homologues SWEET11 and SWEET14 are specifically exploited by bacterial pathogens for virulence by means of direct binding of a bacterial effector to the SWEET promoter. Bacterial symbionts and fungal and bacterial pathogens induce the expression of different SWEET genes, indicating that the sugar efflux function of SWEET transporters is probably targeted by pathogens and symbionts for nutritional gain. The metazoan homologues may be involved in sugar efflux from intestinal, liver, epididymis and mammary cells.
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              The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters.

              GLUT proteins are encoded by the SLC2 genes and are members of the major facilitator superfamily of membrane transporters. Fourteen GLUT proteins are expressed in the human and they are categorized into three classes based on sequence similarity. All GLUTs appear to transport hexoses or polyols when expressed ectopically, but the primary physiological substrates for several of the GLUTs remain uncertain. GLUTs 1-5 are the most thoroughly studied and all have well established roles as glucose and/or fructose transporters in various tissues and cell types. The GLUT proteins are comprised of ∼500 amino acid residues, possess a single N-linked oligosaccharide, and have 12 membrane-spanning domains. In this review we briefly describe the major characteristics of the 14 GLUT family members. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Br J Pharmacol
                Br. J. Pharmacol
                bph
                British Journal of Pharmacology
                John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Chichester, UK )
                0007-1188
                1476-5381
                December 2013
                17 December 2013
                : 170
                : 8
                : 1706-1796
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
                [2 ]The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
                [3 ]Spedding Research Solutions SARL Le Vésinet, 78110, France
                [4 ]Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
                Author notes
                Article
                10.1111/bph.12450
                3892292
                24528242
                bbcfa467-fd78-451d-8827-31a6140ccc72
                Copyright © 2013 The British Pharmacological Society
                History
                Categories
                Article
                The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2013/14.
                This issue was published by Wiley with financial contributions from the British Pharmacological Society, the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, the Wellcome Trust (099156/Z/12/Z]), which supports the website, and the University of Edinburgh, who host the guidetopharmacology.org website

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine

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