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      Retrospective spatial analysis for African swine fever in endemic areas to assess interactions between susceptible host populations

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          Abstract

          African Swine Fever (ASF) is one of the most complex and significant diseases from a sanitary-economic perspective currently affecting the world’s swine-farming industry. ASF has been endemic in Sardinia (Italy) since 1978, and several control and eradication programmes have met with limited success. In this traditional ASF endemic area, there are three susceptible host populations for this virus sharing the same habitat: wild boar, farmed domestic pigs and non-registered free-ranging pigs (known as “brado” animals). The main goal of this study was to determine and predict fine-scale spatial interactions of this multi-host system in relation to the epidemiology of ASF in the main endemic area of Sardinia, Montes-Orgosolo. To this end, simultaneous monitoring of GPS–GSM collared wild boar and free-ranging pigs sightings were performed to predict interaction indexes through latent selection difference functions with environmental, human and farming factors. Regarding epidemiological assessment, the spatial inter-specific interaction indexes obtained here were used to correlate ASF notifications in wild boar and domestic pig farms. Daily movement patterns, home ranges (between 120.7 and 2,622.8 ha) and resource selection of wild boar were obtained for the first time on the island. Overall, our prediction model showed the highest spatial interactions between wild boar and free-ranging pigs in areas close to pig farms. A spatially explicit model was obtained to map inter-specific interaction over the complete ASF-endemic area of the island. Our approach to monitoring interaction indexes may help explain the occurrence of ASF notifications in wild boar and domestic pigs on a fine-spatial scale. These results support the recent and effective eradication measures taken in Sardinia. In addition, this methodology could be extrapolated to apply in the current epidemiological scenarios of ASF in Eurasia, where exist multi-host systems involving free-ranging pigs and wild boar.

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          An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI dataset compatible with MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI data

          Compton Tucker, Jorge H. Pinzón, Molly Brown … (2005)
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            Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans.

            X Meng, N. Sriranganathan, Christopher Lindsay (2009)
            Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are indigenous in many countries in the world. These free-living swine are known reservoirs for a number of viruses, bacteria and parasites that are transmissible to domestic animals and humans. Changes of human habitation to suburban areas, increased use of lands for agricultural purposes, increased hunting activities and consumption of wild boar meat have increased the chances of exposure of wild boars to domestic animals and humans. Wild boars can act as reservoirs for many important infectious diseases in domestic animals, such as classical swine fever, brucellosis and trichinellosis, and in humans, diseases such as hepatitis E, tuberculosis, leptospirosis and trichinellosis. For examples, wild boars are reservoirs for hepatitis E virus, and cluster cases of hepatitis E have been reported in Japan of humans who consumed wild boar meat. In Canada, an outbreak of trichinellosis was linked to the consumption of wild boar meat. The incidence of tuberculosis owing to Mycobacterium bovis has increased in wild boars, thus posing a potential concern for infections in livestock and humans. It has also been documented that six hunters contracted Brucella suis infections from wild swine in Florida. This article discusses the prevalence and risk of infectious agents in wild boars and their potential transmission to livestock and humans.
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              African swine fever: a global view of the current challenge

              Ma Carmen Gallardo, Ana Reoyo, Jovita Fernández-Pinero … (2015)
              African Swine Fever (ASF) is an important contagious haemorrhagic viral disease affecting swine whose notification is mandatory due to its high mortality rates and the great sanitary and socioeconomic impact it has on international trade in animal and swine products. This disease only affects porcine species, both wild and domestic, and produces a variety of clinical signs such as fever and functional disorders of the digestive and respiratory systems. Lesions are mainly characterized by congestive-haemorrhagic alterations. ASF epidemiology varies significantly between countries, regions and continents, since it depends on the characteristics of the virus in circulation, the presence of wild hosts and reservoirs, environmental conditions and human social behaviour. Furthermore, a specific host will not necessarily always play the same active role in the spread and maintenance of ASF in a particular area. Currently, ASF is endemic in most sub-Saharan African countries where wild hosts and tick vectors (Ornithodoros) play an important role acting as biological reservoirs for the virus. In Europe, the disease has been endemic since 1978 on the island of Sardinia (Italy) and since 2007, when it was first reported in Georgia, in a number of Eastern European countries. It is also endemic in certain regions of the Russia Federation, where domestic pig and wild boar populations are widely affected. By contrast, in the affected eastern European Union (EU) countries where ASF is currently as epidemic, the on-going spread of the disease affects mainly wild boar populations located in restricted areas and, to a much less extent, domestic pigs. Unlike most livestock diseases, no vaccine or specific treatment is currently available for ASF. Therefore, disease control is mainly based on early detection and the application of strict sanitary and biosecurity measures. Epidemiology of ASF is very complex by the existence of different virus circulating, reservoirs and a number of scenarios, and the on-going spread of the disease through Africa and Europe. Survivor pigs can remain persistently infected for months which may contribute to virus transmission and thus the spread and maintenance of the disease, thereby complicating attempts to control it.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jaime Bosch:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5397-471X
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Jose A. Barasona: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández: Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Cristina Jurado: Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Antonio Pintore: Role: Resources
                Daniele Denurra: Role: Resources
                Marcella Cherchi: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Resources
                Joaquín Vicente: Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Douglas Gladue: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0233473
                Affiliations
                [1 ] VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
                [2 ] Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sardinia, Italy
                [3 ] Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC) (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
                Plum Island Animal Disease Center, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential competing or conflict of interest.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5397-471X
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-20-01666
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233473
                PMC ID: 7259610
                PubMed ID: 32469923
                SO-VID: bc0cfa3f-4c1c-4801-835d-fd72ce2dc681
                Copyright © © 2020 Bosch et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 27 January 2020
                Date accepted : 5 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Pages: 19
                Funding
                The present work was financially supported by the European project ASFORCE (FP7 - KBBE.2012) and Spanish project RTA2015-00033-C02-02 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). JB is supported by postdoctoral “Juan de la Cierva” contracts FJCI-2015-23643 from MINECO-UCM and IJCI-2017-33539 from MINECO-UCLM. EC-F and CJ are recipients of Spanish Government-funded PhD fellowships for the Training of Future Scholars (FPU) given by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Swine
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Animal Types
                Subject: Domestic Animals
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Types
                Subject: Domestic Animals
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geomorphology
                Subject: Topography
                Subject: Landforms
                Subject: Islands
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Animal Studies
                Subject: Experimental Organism Systems
                Subject: Animal Models
                Subject: Pig Models
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Agriculture
                Subject: Farms
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Infectious Disease Control
                Subject: Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Subject: Habitats
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Spatial Epidemiology
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Data of free-ranging pigs and notifications of ASF in domestic pig and wild boar cannot be shared publicly because it is confidential data. Data are available from the Regional Veterinary Epidemiological Observatory-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (EOVR-IZS) (Institutional Data Access / Ethics Committee) for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. We confirm that others will be able to access this data in the same way as the authors. We also confirm that the authors did not have any special access privileges that others would not.

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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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