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      Histological changes secondary to use of anti-angiogenic therapy after interruption of vasa vasorum flow in the descending aorta: results in a porcine model Translated title: Alterações histológicas secundárias à interrupção dos vasa vasorum na aorta descendente com o uso de terapia antiangiogênica: resultados em modelo suíno

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          Abstract

          Background

          Anti-angiogenic regulators may have therapeutic implications for onset and progression of atherosclerosis.

          Objectives

          To demonstrate histological changes secondary to the use of bevacizumab in the aorta of pigs after interruption of flow in the vasa vasorum.

          Methods

          Twelve pigs were divided into two groups. The intercostal arteries of the descending aorta were dissected and ligated and wrapped with a polyvinyl chloride membrane. The treatment group received an intravenous dose of bevacizumab. After 15 days, the animals were euthanized and the aorta removed. Histological slides were prepared for control and treatment groups and for non-manipulated areas and analyzed for degree of angiogenesis, injury, inflammation, and intimal thickening. Data were expressed as mean (SD) of scores and groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. The Poisson distribution was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals for mean scores, in order to determine effect statistics.

          Results

          Bevacizumab had adverse effects on all treated pigs. The analysis using a Scale of Magnitudes for Effect Statistics showed a trend toward a decrease in angiogenesis [0.58 (1.79/-0.63)] and injury [0.55 (1.76/-0.66)] and an increase in inflammation [0.67 (1.89/-0.55)] with threshold moderate effects. There was no difference in intimal thickening [0 (1.19/-1.19)].

          Conclusions

          The medication exhibited a trend toward reduced angiogenesis and injury, but no reduction in the inflammatory process or intimal thickening of the aortic wall. These findings are in disagreement with studies that correlate neovascularization with increased migration of inflammatory cells. Bevacizumab exhibited toxicity in the porcine model.

          Resumo

          Contexto

          Agentes antiangiogênicos podem ter implicações terapêuticas na progressão e manifestação da aterosclerose.

          Objetivos

          Demonstrar a alteração histológica secundária ao uso de bevacizumabe na aorta descendente de suínos submetida à interrupção dos vasa vasorum.

          Métodos

          Em doze suínos, divididos em dois grupos, foi realizada dissecção da aorta torácica, além de ligadura das artérias intercostais e proteção com polivinil. O grupo tratamento recebeu dose endovenosa de bevacizumabe. Após 15 dias, os animais foram sacrificados para retirada da artéria e preparo das lâminas histológicas dos grupos tratamento, controle e áreas não manipuladas para análise quanto aos graus de angiogênese, injúria, inflamação e espessamento intimal. A análise estatística foi conduzida através da média e do desvio padrão dos escores. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. A distribuição de Poisson calculou os intervalos de confiança de 95% para as médias, a fim de determinar o efeito estatístico.

          Resultados

          O bevacizumabe causou efeitos adversos em todos os suínos tratados. As variáveis analisadas através da Escala de Magnitude para Efeito Estatístico demonstraram tendência de redução da angiogênese [0,58 (1,79/-0,63)] e da injúria [0,55 (1,76/-0,66)] e aumento da inflamação [0,67 (1,89/-0,55)] no limite do moderado. Não ocorreu diferença no espessamento intimal [0 (1,19/-1,19)].

          Conclusões

          A medicação utilizada mostrou tendência de redução da angiogênese e da injúria, mas não reduziu o processo inflamatório ou o espessamento intimal da parede arterial. Esses achados contrariam estudos que correlacionam a neovascularização com o aumento da migração de células inflamatórias. O bevacizumabe mostrou toxicidade no modelo suíno.

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          Most cited references28

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          Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.

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            Plaque neovascularization is increased in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta: implications for plaque vulnerability.

            Growth of atherosclerotic plaques is accompanied by neovascularization from vasa vasorum microvessels extending through the tunica media into the base of the plaque and by lumen-derived microvessels through the fibrous cap. Microvessels are associated with plaque hemorrhage and may play a role in plaque rupture. Accordingly, we tested this hypothesis by investigating whether microvessels in the tunica media, the base of the plaque, and the fibrous cap are increased in ruptured atherosclerotic plaques in human aorta. Microvessels, defined as CD34-positive tubuloluminal capillaries recognized in cross-sectional and longitudinal profiles, were quantified in 269 advanced human plaques by bicolor immunohistochemistry. Macrophages/T lymphocytes and smooth muscle cells were defined as CD68/CD3-positive and alpha-actin-positive cells. Total microvessel density was increased in ruptured plaques when compared with nonruptured plaques (P=0.0001). Furthermore, microvessel density was increased in lesions with severe macrophage infiltration at the fibrous cap (P=0.0001) and at the shoulders of the plaque (P=0.0001). In addition, microvessel density was also increased in lesions with intraplaque hemorrhage (P=0.04) and in thin-cap fibroatheromas (P=0.038). Logistic regression analysis identified plaque base microvessel density (P=0.003) as an independent correlate to plaque rupture. Thus, neovascularization as manifested by the localized appearance of microvessels is increased in ruptured plaques in the human aorta. Furthermore, microvessel density is increased in lesions with inflammation, with intraplaque hemorrhage, and in thin-cap fibroatheromas. Microvessels at the base of the plaque are independently correlated with plaque rupture, suggesting a contributory role for neovascularization in the process of plaque rupture.
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              Inhibition of plaque neovascularization reduces macrophage accumulation and progression of advanced atherosclerosis.

              Plaque angiogenesis promotes the growth of atheromas, but the functions of plaque capillaries are not fully determined. Neovascularization may act as a conduit for the entry of leukocytes into sites of chronic inflammation. We observe vasa vasorum density correlates highly with the extent of inflammatory cells, not the size of atheromas in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. We show atherosclerotic aortas contain activities that promote angiogenesis. The angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin reduces plaque angiogenesis and inhibits atherosclerosis. Macrophages in the plaque and around vasa vasorum are reduced, but we detect no direct effect of angiostatin on monocytes. After angiogenesis blockade in vivo, the angiogenic potential of atherosclerotic tissue is suppressed. Activated macrophages stimulate angiogenesis that can further recruit inflammatory cells and more angiogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that late-stage inhibition of angiogenesis can interrupt this positive feedback cycle. Inhibition of plaque angiogenesis and the secondary reduction of macrophages may have beneficial effects on plaque stability.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Vasc Bras
                J Vasc Bras
                jvb
                Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
                Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV)
                1677-5449
                1677-7301
                17 April 2019
                2019
                : 18
                : e20180095
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalGrupo Hospitalar Conceição – GHC, Cirurgia Vascular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
                [2 ] originalUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Cirurgia Vascular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
                Author notes

                Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest declared concerning the publication of this article.

                Correspondence Cyro Castro Júnior Rua Irmão Agnelo Chaves, 130 - Jardim do Lago CEP 92020-080 - Canoas (RS), Brasil Tel.: +55 (51) 9977-3116 E-mail: cyrocjr@ 123456gmail.com

                Author information CCJ - PhD in Surgery, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). AHP - PhD in Surgery, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); professor, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).

                Author contributions Conception and design: CCJ, AHP Analysis and interpretation: CCJ, AHP Data collection: CCJ, AHP Writing the article: CCJ, AHP Critical revision of the article: CCJ, AHP Final approval of the article*: CCJ, AHP Statistical analysis: CCJ, AHP Overall responsibility: CCJ *All authors have read and approved of the final version of the article submitted to J Vasc Bras.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-1616/
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8291-3502/
                Article
                jvbAO20180095 00306
                10.1590/1677-5449.180095
                6629455
                bc133cb5-1804-4a37-81d4-631492a30d98

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 September 2018
                : 12 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 25
                Categories
                Original Article

                vasa vasorum,pathologic neovascularization,angiogenesis inhibitors,neovascularização patológica,inibidores da angiogênese

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