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      Técnicas diagnósticas de medicina nuclear en patología tiroidea: relación con los grupos TI-RADS y citología Bethesda Translated title: Diagnostic procedures of Nuclear Medicine in thyroid pathology: relationship with TI-RADS groups and Bethesda cytology

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: Introducción y objetivo: La medicina Nuclear, desde sus inicios, ha tenido un papel importante en el estudio y tratamiento de la patología tiroidea. El hallazgo de un nódulo tiroideo es una situación muy frecuente en la práctica clínica diaria. En la actualidad, el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas como son la ecografía de alta resolución y la punción por aspiración con aguja fina ha originado un importante avance en el diagnóstico y manejo de ésta patología. Estos procedimientos han facilitado el desarrollo de sistemas de clasificación según las características ecográficas de los nódulos (TI-RADS) y según sus características citológicas (Bethesda) que orientan sobre la actitud a seguir en los diferentes casos. EL objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de las indicaciones y recomendaciones de la gammagrafía tiroidea y establecer su relación con los grupos TI-RADS y la citología Bethesda. Síntesis: Debido a que el iodo juega un rol importante en la fisiología y fisiopatología de la glándula tiroides, los radiofármacos del iodo o sus análogos son muy adecuados para el estudio de imágenes tiroideas. A pesar del desarrollo de nuevas técnicas muy precisas para el estudio del nódulo tiroideo, la gammagrafía de tiroides sigue siendo la única técnica capaz de correlacionar anatomía y función tiroidea y, por tanto, es el único examen capaz de demostrar la presencia de nódulos tiroideos autónomos, que raramente conllevan malignidad. Además, imágenes con trazadores específicos como el sestamibi-99mTc y 18F-fluorodeoxyglucosa pueden suministrar información del comportamiento biológico de nódulos citológicamente indeterminados. Conclusión: La gammagrafía de tiroides es el único método diagnóstico que proporciona información del estado funcional de la glándula. Su integración en los grupos TIRADS y Bethesda es de suma importancia para evitar biopsias innecesarias. Además, el uso de radiofármacos específicos, incluyendo la tomografía por emisión de positrones, proporcionan una información útil en el caso de nódulos citológicamente indeterminados.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY: Introduction and objectives: Since its beginning, nuclear medicine has played an important role in the study and treatment of thyroid pathology. The finding of a thyroid nodule is a very frequent situation in daily clinical practice. Today, the development of new techniques including high-resolution ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration puncture has led to an important progress in diagnosis and management of the disease. These procedures have enabled the development of classification systems that allow to categorize the nodules by its ultrasound characteristics (TI-RADS) and its cytological characteristics (Bethesda), providing guidance on the attitude to follow in each case. The aim of this work is to conduct a review of the guidelines and recommendations for thyroid scintigraphy as well as to establish its relationship with the TI-RADS groups and the Bethesda cytology. Synthesis: Because iodine plays an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the thyroid gland, iodine radiopharmaceuticals or its analogues are very suitable for the study of thyroid imaging. Despite the development of new and very precise techniques for the study of the thyroid nodule, thyroid scintigraphy remains the only technique capable of correlating thyroid anatomy and thyroid function and, therefore, it is the only test capable of demonstrating the presence of autonomous thyroid nodules, which rarely result in malignancy. Furthermore, images with specific tracers such as sestamibi-99mTc and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose can provide information on the biological behavior of cytologically indeterminate nodules. Conclusion: Thyroid scintigraphy is the only diagnostic method that provides information on the functional state of the gland. Its integration into the TIRADS and Bethesda groups is of the utmost importance to avoid unnecessary biopsies. In addition, the use of specific radiopharmaceuticals, including positron emission tomography, provides useful information in the case of nodules cytologically indeterminate.

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          Most cited references14

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          2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

          Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, and differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. Since the American Thyroid Association's (ATA's) guidelines for the management of these disorders were revised in 2009, significant scientific advances have occurred in the field. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer.
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            ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): White Paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee.

            Thyroid nodules are a frequent finding on neck sonography. Most nodules are benign; therefore, many nodules are biopsied to identify the small number that are malignant or require surgery for a definitive diagnosis. Since 2009, many professional societies and investigators have proposed ultrasound-based risk stratification systems to identify nodules that warrant biopsy or sonographic follow-up. Because some of these systems were founded on the BI-RADS(®) classification that is widely used in breast imaging, their authors chose to apply the acronym TI-RADS, for Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System. In 2012, the ACR convened committees to (1) provide recommendations for reporting incidental thyroid nodules, (2) develop a set of standard terms (lexicon) for ultrasound reporting, and (3) propose a TI-RADS on the basis of the lexicon. The committees published the results of the first two efforts in 2015. In this article, the authors present the ACR TI-RADS Committee's recommendations, which provide guidance regarding management of thyroid nodules on the basis of their ultrasound appearance. The authors also describe the committee's future directions.
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              The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology

              The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) established a standardized, category-based reporting system for thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. The 2017 revision reaffirms that every thyroid FNA report should begin with 1 of 6 diagnostic categories, the names of which remain unchanged since they were first introduced: (1) Nondiagnostic or Unsatisfactory; (2) Benign; (3) Atypia of Undetermined Significance (AUS) or Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance (FLUS); (4) Follicular Neoplasm or Suspicious for a Follicular Neoplasm; (5) Suspicious for Malignancy; and (6) Malignant. There is a choice of two different names for some of the categories: a laboratory should choose the one it prefers and use it exclusively for that category; synonymous terms (eg, AUS and FLUS) should not be used to denote 2 distinct interpretations. Each category has an implied cancer risk that ranges from 0% to 3% for the "Benign" category to virtually 100% for the "Malignant" category, and, in the 2017 revision, the malignancy risks have been updated based on new (post 2010) data. As a function of their risk associations, each category is linked to updated, evidence-based clinical management recommendations. The recent reclassification of some thyroid neoplasms as non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) has implications for the risk of malignancy, and this is accounted for with regard to diagnostic criteria and optional notes. Such notes can be useful in helping guide surgical management.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                December 2021
                : 12
                : 4
                : 341-351
                Affiliations
                [1] Salamanca orgnameHospital Universitario de Salamanca orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Nuclear España
                Article
                S2444-79862021000400006 S2444-7986(21)01200400006
                10.14201/orl.25215
                bc2468cd-5654-4b66-a7ac-5b8cec502b14

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 December 2020
                : 03 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                NIS,radiopharmaceuticals,thyroid scintigraphy,Bethesda,TI-RADS,nódulo tiroideo,radiofármacos,gammagrafía de tiroides,thyroid nodule

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