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      Heavy metals and living systems: An overview

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          Abstract

          Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth's crust, but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemical balance. This results in accumulation of metals in plant parts having secondary metabolites, which is responsible for a particular pharmacological activity. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc can cause deleterious health effects in humans. Molecular understanding of plant metal accumulation has numerous biotechnological implications also, the long term effects of which might not be yet known.

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          Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants

          S.K. Yadav (2010)
          Article 0 comments Cited 317 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Heavy metal content of ayurvedic herbal medicine products.

            R Saper, Ian Phillips, Stefanos Kales … (2004)
            Lead, mercury, and arsenic intoxication have been associated with the use of Ayurvedic herbal medicine product (HMPs). To determine the prevalence and concentration of heavy metals in Ayurvedic HMPs manufactured in South Asia and sold in Boston-area stores and to compare estimated daily metal ingestion with regulatory standards. Systematic search strategy to identify all stores 20 miles or less from Boston City Hall that sold Ayurvedic HMPs from South Asia by searching online Yellow Pages using the categories markets, supermarkets, and convenience stores, and business names containing the word India, Indian cities, and Indian words. An online national directory of Indian grocery stores, a South Asian community business directory, and a newspaper were also searched. We visited each store and purchased all unique Ayurvedic HMPs between April 25 and October 24, 2003. Concentrations (microg/g) of lead, mercury, and arsenic in each HMP as measured by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Estimates of daily metal ingestion for adults and children estimated using manufacturers' dosage recommendations with comparisons to US Pharmacopeia and US Environmental Protection Agency regulatory standards. A total of 14 (20%) of 70 HMPs (95% confidence interval, 11%-31%) contained heavy metals: lead (n = 13; median concentration, 40 microg/g; range, 5-37,000), mercury (n = 6; median concentration, 20,225 microg/g; range, 28-104,000), and/or arsenic (n = 6; median concentration, 430 microg/g; range, 37-8130). If taken as recommended by the manufacturers, each of these 14 could result in heavy metal intakes above published regulatory standards. One of 5 Ayurvedic HMPs produced in South Asia and available in Boston South Asian grocery stores contains potentially harmful levels of lead, mercury, and/or arsenic. Users of Ayurvedic medicine may be at risk for heavy metal toxicity, and testing of Ayurvedic HMPs for toxic heavy metals should be mandatory.
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              Biochemistry: a cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom.

              Todd W. Lane, Mak Saito, Graham N. George … (2005)
              The ocean biota contains a vast reservoir of genomic diversity. Here we present the sequence and preliminary characterization of a protein that is a cadmium-containing carbonic anhydrase from the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. The existence of a cadmium enzyme in marine phytoplankton may indicate that there is a unique selection pressure for metalloenzymes in the marine environment, and our discovery provides a long-awaited explanation for the nutrient-like behaviour of cadmium in the oceans.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Pharmacol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPharm
                Title: Indian Journal of Pharmacology
                Publisher: Medknow Publications (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0253-7613
                ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3751
                Publication date (Print): May-Jun 2011
                Volume: 43
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 246-253
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Pharmacognosy, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Reena Singh, E-mail: reenasingh1.2009@ 123456rediffmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJPharm-43-246
                DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.81505
                PMC ID: 3113373
                PubMed ID: 21713085
                SO-VID: bc632b69-edd7-49b5-ac2d-7e9bd4c780d6
                Copyright © © Indian Journal of Pharmacology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 May 2010
                Date revision received : 13 August 2010
                Date accepted : 23 February 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: hyper accumulation,ayurveda,phytoremediation,herbal preparation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: hyper accumulation, ayurveda, phytoremediation, herbal preparation

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