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      Species composition and seasonal dynamics of aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids in wheat fields in northern China

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          Abstract

          Parasitoids are important natural enemies of aphids in wheat fields of northern China, and interest in them has increased in recent years. However, little is known regarding parasitoids of wheat aphids, which has hindered the study and understanding of aphid-parasitoid interactions. In the present study, three primary parasitoids and 15 hyperparasitoids were collected in wheat fields during a 2-year survey in northern China (2014, 2015) and a 2-year investigation at Langfang, Hebei Province (2015, 2016). Among them, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetski was found most frequently among the primary parasitoids, while Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) dominated the hyperparasitoid community. Investigation of the dynamics of wheat aphids and parasitoids revealed that the primary parasitoids appeared early in the growing period and that the hyperparasitoids appeared later. Analysis of the seasonal dynamics revealed that growth of the parasitoid population followed that of the aphid population and that the parasitism rates were highest in the late growing period.

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          Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.

          We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had missed a species-pair, or when provisional species were separated only by slight differences in their barcodes, we examined nuclear sequences to test hypotheses of presumptive species boundaries and to further probe host specificity. Our iterative process of combining morphological analysis, ecology, and DNA barcoding and reiteratively using specimens maintained in permanent collections has resulted in a much more fine-scaled understanding of parasitoid diversity and host specificity than any one of these elements could have produced on its own.
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            Incorporating Molecular Evolution into Phylogenetic Analysis, and a New Compilation of Conserved Polymerase Chain Reaction Primers for Animal Mitochondrial DNA

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              Higher-order predators and the regulation of insect herbivore populations.

              Empirical research has not supported the prediction that populations of terrestrial herbivorous arthropods are regulated solely by their natural enemies. Instead, both natural enemies (top-down effects) and resources (bottom-up effects) may play important regulatory roles. This review evaluates the hypothesis that higher-order predators may constrain the top-down control of herbivore populations. Natural enemies of herbivorous arthropods generally are not top predators within terrestrial food webs. Insect pathogens and entomopathogenic nematodes inhabiting the soil may be attacked by diverse micro- and mesofauna. Predatory and parasitic insects are attacked by their own suite of predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. The view of natural enemy ecology that has emerged from laboratory studies, where natural enemies are often isolated from all elements of the biotic community except for their hosts or prey, may be an unreliable guide to field dynamics. Experimental work suggests that interactions of biological control agents with their own natural enemies can disrupt the effective control of herbivore populations. Disruption has been observed experimentally in interactions of bacteria with bacteriophages, nematodes with nematophagous fungi, parasitoids with predators, parasitoids with hyperparasitoids, and predators with other predators. Higher-order predators have been little studied; manipulative field experiments will be especially valuable in furthering our understanding of their roles in arthropod communities.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yhlu@ippcaas.cn
                yuyuanguo@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                25 October 2017
                25 October 2017
                2017
                : 7
                : 13989
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0526 1937, GRID grid.410727.7, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ; Beijing, 100193 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0942 1176, GRID grid.11374.30, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, ; 18000 Niš, Serbia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2166 9385, GRID grid.7149.b, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Entomology, ; Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2173 938X, GRID grid.5338.d, Universitat de València, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Departament de Zoologia, ; València, 46100 Spain
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0247, GRID grid.5841.8, Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Animal. Avda. Diagonal 645, ; 08028 Barcelona, Spain
                [6 ]Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
                [7 ]INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte D’Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
                Article
                14441
                10.1038/s41598-017-14441-6
                5656665
                29070808
                bc68d683-7f58-43fa-9ede-f725b4477eb9
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 12 July 2017
                : 10 October 2017
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