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      Risk of phosphorus losses in surface runoff from agricultural land in the Baltic Commune of Puck in the light of assessment performed on the basis of DPS indicator

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          Abstract

          Background

          In order to counteract the eutrophication of waterways and reservoirs, a basic risk assessment of phosphorus (P) losses in the surface runoff from agricultural land should be included in water management plans. A new method has been developed to assess the risk of P losses by estimating the degree of P saturation (DPS) based on the P concentration of the water extract water-soluble P.

          Methods

          The risk of P losses in surface runoff from agricultural land in the Puck Commune on the Baltic Sea Coast was assessed with the DPS method. The results were compared to an agronomic interpretation of the soil test P concentration (STP). Research was conducted on mineral and organic soils from 50 and 11 separate agricultural plots with a total area of 133.82 and 37.23 ha, respectively. Phosphorus was extracted from the collected samples using distilled water on all soil samples, acid ammonium lactate on mineral soils, and an extract of 0.5 mol HCl·dm −3 on organic soils. The organic matter content and pH values were also determined. The results of the P content in the water extracted from the soils were converted into DPS values, which were then classified by appropriate limit intervals.

          Results and discussion

          There was a high risk of P losses from the soil via surface runoff in 96.7% of the agricultural parcels tested (96% of plots with mineral soils and 100% of plots with organic soils). Simultaneously, a large deficiency of plant-available P was found in soils from 62% of agricultural plots. These data indicate that the assessment of P concentration in soils made on the basis of an environmental soil P test conflicts with the assessment made based on STP and create a cognitive dissonance. The risk level of P losses through surface runoff from the analyzed plots as determined by the DPS indicator is uncertain. This uncertainty is increased as the DPS index is not correlated with other significant factors in P runoff losses, such as the type of crop and area inclination.

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          Most cited references35

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          Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea

          The brackish Baltic Sea hosts species of various origins and environmental tolerances. These immigrated to the sea 10,000 to 15,000 years ago or have been introduced to the area over the relatively recent history of the system. The Baltic Sea has only one known endemic species. While information on some abiotic parameters extends back as long as five centuries and first quantitative snapshot data on biota (on exploited fish populations) originate generally from the same time, international coordination of research began in the early twentieth century. Continuous, annual Baltic Sea-wide long-term datasets on several organism groups (plankton, benthos, fish) are generally available since the mid-1950s. Based on a variety of available data sources (published papers, reports, grey literature, unpublished data), the Baltic Sea, incl. Kattegat, hosts altogether at least 6,065 species, including at least 1,700 phytoplankton, 442 phytobenthos, at least 1,199 zooplankton, at least 569 meiozoobenthos, 1,476 macrozoobenthos, at least 380 vertebrate parasites, about 200 fish, 3 seal, and 83 bird species. In general, but not in all organism groups, high sub-regional total species richness is associated with elevated salinity. Although in comparison with fully marine areas the Baltic Sea supports fewer species, several facets of the system's diversity remain underexplored to this day, such as micro-organisms, foraminiferans, meiobenthos and parasites. In the future, climate change and its interactions with multiple anthropogenic forcings are likely to have major impacts on the Baltic biodiversity.
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            The Concept and Need for a Phosphorus Assessment Tool

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              Getting the measure of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea: towards improved assessment principles and methods

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                7 January 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : e8396
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Water Quality, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty , Raszyn, Poland
                [2 ]Department of Environmental Protection, Maritime Institute , Gdańsk, Poland
                [3 ]Physical Oceanography Department, Eco-hydrodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences , Sopot, Poland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9690-1561
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3452-3526
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6151-2390
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-8031
                Article
                8396
                10.7717/peerj.8396
                6953330
                bc7c8577-f619-4cb5-9301-07928b3619f5
                © 2020 Pietrzak et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 17 May 2019
                : 13 December 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: National Centre for Research and Development within the BIOSTRATEG III program
                Award ID: BIOSTRATEG3/343927/3/NCBR/2017
                This work was supported by the National Centre for Research and Development within the BIOSTRATEG III program No. BIOSTRATEG3/343927/3/NCBR/2017. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Agricultural Science
                Environmental Impacts

                degree of phosphorus saturation,surface runoff,agricultural land,eutrophication

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