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      Validity of the neck circumference for the diagnosis of obesity in school children living at high altitude Translated title: Validez de la circunferencia del cuello para el diagnóstico de obesidad en escolares que viven en altura

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to diagnose overweight and obesity, and waist circumference (WC) is used to estimate visceral fat. The measurement of WC is demanding, therefore, different studies proposed the use of neck perimeter. Objective: exploring diagnostic validity of neck perimeter to diagnose overweight and obesity in 10-12 years old children in La Paz (Bolivia). Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of school children in El Alto (Bolivia). Weight, height, waist circumference and neck perimeter were measured, classifying the nutritional status with BMI-z according to the cut-off point of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The sample size was calculated for 95 % confidence level, an alpha level of 0.05 and 80 % power for diagnosis test design. To evaluate neck perimeter validity for diagnosing obesity, sensibility, specificity and positive and negative ratio likelihood were calculated using BMI gold standard according to age and sex. Results: a number of 371 school children between 10-12 years old were included and 34 % of them presented malnutrition by excess. Sensibility and specificity of the neck perimeter to diagnose overweight and obesity were 87.5-100 % and 75.7-86.3 %, respectively. Conclusion: neck perimeter in 10-12-year-old school children is a valid indicator for carrying out obesity diagnosis.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: el índice de masa corporal (IMC) se usa comúnmente para diagnosticar el sobrepeso y la obesidad, y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC), para estimar la grasa visceral. La medición de la CC es exigente y, por ello, diferentes estudios propusieron el uso del perímetro del cuello. Objetivo: explorar la validez diagnóstica del perímetro del cuello para diagnosticar sobrepeso y obesidad en niños de 10-12 años en La Paz (Bolivia). Métodos: estudio transversal con una muestra aleatoria de escolares de El Alto (Bolivia). Se midieron peso, talla, circunferencia de la muñeca, perímetro de cuello, clasificando el estado nutricional con IMC-z según el punto de corte de la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). El tamaño de la muestra se calculó para un nivel de confianza del 95 %, un nivel alfa de 0,05 y una potencia del 80 % para el diseño de la prueba de diagnóstico. Para evaluar la validez del perímetro del cuello para el diagnóstico de obesidad, se calcularon la sensibilidad, la especificidad y la razón de verosimilitud positiva y negativa utilizando el patrón oro del IMC según edad y sexo. Resultados: se incluyeron 371 escolares de 10-12 años, de los cuales el 34 % presentaba malnutrición por exceso. La sensibilidad y especificidad del perímetro del cuello para diagnosticar sobrepeso y obesidad estuvo entre 87,5-100 % y 75,7-86,3 %, respectivamente. Conclusión: el perímetro del cuello en escolares de 10-12 años es un indicador válido para realizar el diagnóstico de obesidad.

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          Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents

          OBJECTIVE: To construct growth curves for school-aged children and adolescents that accord with the WHO Child Growth Standards for preschool children and the body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for adults. METHODS: Data from the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference (1-24 years) were merged with data from the under-fives growth standards' cross-sectional sample (18-71 months) to smooth the transition between the two samples. State-of-the-art statistical methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards (0-5 years), i.e. the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method with appropriate diagnostic tools for the selection of best models, were applied to this combined sample. FINDINGS: The merged data sets resulted in a smooth transition at 5 years for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. For BMI-for-age across all centiles the magnitude of the difference between the two curves at age 5 years is mostly 0.0 kg/m² to 0.1 kg/m². At 19 years, the new BMI values at +1 standard deviation (SD) are 25.4 kg/m² for boys and 25.0 kg/m² for girls. These values are equivalent to the overweight cut-off for adults (> 25.0 kg/m²). Similarly, the +2 SD value (29.7 kg/m² for both sexes) compares closely with the cut-off for obesity (> 30.0 kg/m²). CONCLUSION: The new curves are closely aligned with the WHO Child Growth Standards at 5 years, and the recommended adult cut-offs for overweight and obesity at 19 years. They fill the gap in growth curves and provide an appropriate reference for the 5 to 19 years age group.
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            Body mass index, waist circumference, and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a biracial sample of children and adolescents.

            To derive optimal body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference thresholds for children and adolescents, to predict risk factor clustering. Cross-sectional receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The Bogalusa Heart Study, a community-based study of cardiovascular disease risk factors in early life. A total of 2597 black and white children and adolescents, 5 to 18 years of age, who were examined between 1992 and 1994. The presence or absence of > or =3 age-adjusted risk factors (low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high triglyceride level, high glucose level, high insulin level, and high blood pressure) was predicted from age-adjusted BMI and waist circumference values. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were significantly different from 0.5 for both BMI and waist circumference for all gender/race groups, ranging from 0.73 to 0.82. The optimal BMI thresholds were at the 53rd and 50th percentiles for white and black male subjects, respectively, and at the 57th and 51st percentiles for white and black female subjects, respectively. Similarly, the optimal waist circumference thresholds were at the 56th and 50th percentiles for white and black male subjects, respectively, and at the 57th and 52nd percentiles for white and black female subjects, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity at the thresholds were similar for all gender/race groups, ranging from 67% to 75%. The use of BMI and waist circumference for the prediction of risk factor clustering among children and adolescents has significant clinical utility. In this sample, race and gender differences in the optimal thresholds were minimal.
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              Neck Circumference May Be a Better Alternative to Standard Anthropometric Measures

              This paper evaluates neck circumference as a metabolic risk marker. Overweight/obese, nondiabetic Hispanics, 40–65 years old, who are free of major cardiovascular diseases, were recruited for the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS). Baseline exams were completed by 1,206 participants. Partial correlation coefficients (r) and logistic models adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, and physical activity were computed. Neck circumference was significantly correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.64), BMI (r = 0.66), and body fat % (r = 0.45). Neck circumference, highest (compared to lowest) tertile, had higher association with prediabetes: multivariable OR = 2.30 (95% CI: 1.71–3.06) compared to waist circumference OR = 1.97 (95% CI: 1.48–2.66) and other anthropometric measures. Neck circumference showed higher associations with HOMA, low HDL-C, and triglycerides, multivariable OR = 8.42 (95% CI: 5.43–13.06), 2.41 (95% CI: 1.80–3.21), and 1.52 (95% CI: 1.14–2.03), but weaker associations with hs-CRP and hypertension, OR = 3.61 (95% CI: 2.66–4.90) and OR = 2.58 (95% CI: 1.90–3.49), compared to waist circumference. AIC for model fit was generally similar for neck or waist circumference. Neck circumference showed similar or better associations with metabolic factors and is more practicable than waist circumference. Hence, neck circumference may be a better alternative to waist circumference.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                August 2023
                : 40
                : 4
                : 711-716
                Affiliations
                [2] El Alto orgnameCentro de Medicina Nuclear y Radioterapia El Alto orgdiv1Centro de Medicina Nuclear y Radioterapia El Alto Bolivia
                [3] La Paz orgnameInstituto de Gastroenterología Boliviano Japonés orgdiv1Instituto de Gastroenterología Boliviano Japonés Bolivia
                [1] La Paz La Paz orgnameUniversidad Mayor de San Andrés orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Investigación en Salud y Desarrollo Bolivia
                [4] Macul Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA Chile
                Article
                S0212-16112023000500005 S0212-1611(23)04000400005
                10.20960/nh.04463
                bc997ca2-a779-4ab4-9ca6-f21511d44a8a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 December 2022
                : 26 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Paper

                Circunferencia del cuello,Circunferencia de la muñeca,Obesidad,Waist circumference,Neck circumference,Obesity

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