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      Stability of self-esteem across the life span.

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          Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.

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            Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem: Different Concepts, Different Outcomes

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              Gender differences in self-esteem: a meta-analysis.

              Two analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in global self-esteem. In analysis I, a computerized literature search yielded 216 effect sizes, representing the testing of 97,121 respondents. The overall effect size was 0.21, a small difference favoring males. A significant quadratic effect of age indicated that the largest effect emerged in late adolescence (d = 0.33). In Analysis II, gender differences were examined using 3 large, nationally representative data sets from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). All of the NCES effect sizes, which collectively summarize the responses of approximately 48,000 young Americans, indicated higher male self-esteem (ds ranged from 0.04 to 0.24). Taken together, the 2 analyses provide evidence that males score higher on standard measures of global self-esteem than females, but the difference is small. Potential reasons for the small yet consistent effect size are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
                Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
                American Psychological Association (APA)
                1939-1315
                0022-3514
                2003
                2003
                : 84
                : 1
                : 205-220
                Article
                10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.205
                12518980
                bca50e84-fa56-4143-bf81-310909ab6c7b
                © 2003
                History

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