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      Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Recovery Following a Simulated Soccer Match in Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study

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          Abstract

          Objectives: Assessing the effects of Ramadan fasting on recovery following a soccer match simulation.

          Methods: Eight elite soccer players (age: 21.0 ± 0.4 years) performed a modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test protocol (LIST mod) on two occasions: 1 week before (BR) and during the fourth week of Ramadan (End-R). At BR and End-R, soccer players performed squat jump, countermovement jump, maximal voluntary contraction, and 20 m sprint, and creatine kinase, uric acid, and subjective ratings (feelings scale, quality of sleep, fatigue, muscle soreness and stress) were assessed at baseline and 0, 24, 48, and 72 h following LIST mod.

          Results: Following LIST mod, performance in squat jump (48 and 72 h) ( p < 0.05), countermovement jump (48 and 72 h), maximal voluntary contraction (0, 24, 48, and 72 h), and 20 m sprint (0 and 48 h) decreased significantly on both occasions. Decreases were higher at End-R than BR. Creatine kinase levels increased significantly at 24 and 48 h at BR and End-R ( p < 0.05). Uric acid increased at 0 and 24 h only on BR. Muscle soreness increased throughout the recovery period at both occasions, with a higher level at End-R. Stress rating increased only at 0 h on End-R, while fatigue rating increased at 24 h at BR and at 0, 24, and 48 h at End-R.

          Conclusion: Perturbations in physical performance and subjective ratings parameters were higher at the end of Ramadan. However, the results of this study showed that Ramadan fasting did not adversely affect the recovery following soccer match simulation in professional soccer players.

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          Most cited references33

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          Time-course of changes in inflammatory and performance responses following a soccer game.

          : To study the effects of a single soccer game on indices of performance, muscle damage, and inflammation during a 6-day recovery period. : Participants were assigned to either an experimental group (E, played in the game; n = 14) or a control group (C, did not participate in the game; n = 10). : Data were collected on a soccer field and at the Physical Education and Sports Science laboratory of the Democritus University of Thrace before and after the soccer game. : Twenty-four elite male soccer players (age, 20.1 +/- 0.8 years; height, 1.78 +/- 0.08 m; weight, 75.2 +/- 6.8 kg). : Muscle strength, vertical jumping, speed, DOMS, muscle swelling, leukocyte count, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, testosterone, cytokines IL-6 and IL-1b, thioburbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbnyls (PC), and uric acid (UA). : Performance deteriorated 1 to 4 days post-game. An acute-phase inflammatory response consisted of a post-game peak of leukocyte count, cytokines, and cortisol, a 24-hour peak of CRP, TBARS, and DOMS, a 48-hour peak of CK, LDH, and PC, and a 72-hour peak of uric acid. : A single soccer game induces short-term muscle damage and marked but transient inflammatory responses. Anaerobic performance seems to deteriorate for as long as 72-hour post-game. The acute phase inflammatory response in soccer appears to follow the same pattern as in other forms of exercise. These results clearly indicate the need of sufficient recovery for elite soccer players after a game.
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            Biochemical impact of a soccer match - analysis of oxidative stress and muscle damage markers throughout recovery.

            Exercise is a prone condition to enhanced oxidative stress and damage and the specific activity pattern of a soccer match may favour additional pro-oxidant redox alterations. To date, no studies have reported the impact of a soccer match on oxidative stress and muscle damage markers. To analyse the effect of a competitive soccer match on plasma levels of oxidative stress and muscle damage markers, and to relate these findings with lower limb functional data. Blood samples, leg muscle strength, sprint ability and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were obtained in 16 soccer players before, at 30 min, 24, 48 and 72 h after a soccer match. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Mb), malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, total antioxidant status (TAS), uric acid (UA) and blood leukocyte counts were determined. A soccer match elevated plasma Mb following 30 min and CK levels throughout the 72 h-recovery period. MDA increased throughout the recovery period and -SH decreased until 48 h post-match. TAS increased at 30 min and UA increased throughout the 72 h recovery. Blood neutrophils increased at 30 min whereas lymphocytes decreased and returned to baseline from 24 to 72 h. DOMS was higher than baseline until 72 h. Lower limb strength and sprint ability were lower than baseline until 72 h recovery. The present data suggest that a soccer match increases the levels of oxidative stress and muscle damage throughout the 72 h-recovery period. The extent to which the redox alterations are associated with the recovery of muscle function should be further analysed.
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              Recovery in soccer: part I - post-match fatigue and time course of recovery.

              In elite soccer, players are frequently required to play consecutive matches interspersed by 3 days and complete physical performance recovery may not be achieved. Incomplete recovery might result in underperformance and injury. During congested schedules, recovery strategies are therefore required to alleviate post-match fatigue, regain performance faster and reduce the risk of injury. This article is Part I of a subsequent companion review and deals with post-match fatigue mechanisms and recovery kinetics of physical performance (sprints, jumps, maximal strength and technical skills), cognitive, subjective and biochemical markers. The companion review will analyse recovery strategies used in contemporary professional soccer. Soccer involves many physically demanding activities including sprinting, changes in running speed, changes of direction, jumps and tackles, as well as technical actions such as dribbling, shooting and passing. These activities lead to a post-match fatigue that is linked to a combination of dehydration, glycogen depletion, muscle damage and mental fatigue. The magnitude of soccer match-induced fatigue, extrinsic factors (i.e. match result, quality of the opponent, match location, playing surface) and/or intrinsic factors (i.e. training status, age, gender, muscle fibre typology), potentially influence the time course of recovery. Recovery in soccer is a complex issue, reinforcing the need for future research to estimate the quantitative importance of fatigue mechanisms and identify influencing factors. Efficient and individualized recovery strategies may consequently be proposed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Physiol
                Front Physiol
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-042X
                06 December 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 1480
                Affiliations
                [1] 1UR15JS01, Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax , Sfax, Tunisia
                [2] 2Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany
                [3] 3Activité Physique, Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport , Tunis, Tunisia
                [4] 4Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, University of Sfax , Sfax, Tunisia
                Author notes

                Edited by: José Magalhães, University of Porto, Portugal

                Reviewed by: Antonio Alexandre Ascensao, University of Porto, Portugal; Nader Lessan, Imperial College London, United Kingdom

                *Correspondence: Florian A. Engel, florian.engel@ 123456issw.uni-heidelberg.de

                This article was submitted to Exercise Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                10.3389/fphys.2019.01480
                6909883
                31866876
                bca654e7-0e5b-48a0-826c-8d362dd4837c
                Copyright © 2019 Bouzid, Abaïdia, Bouchiba, Ghattassi, Daab, Engel and Chtourou.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 07 December 2018
                : 18 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 10, Words: 7892
                Funding
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001659
                Funded by: Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts
                Funded by: Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg
                Categories
                Physiology
                Original Research

                Anatomy & Physiology
                fast,sport,recovery,soccer,football
                Anatomy & Physiology
                fast, sport, recovery, soccer, football

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