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      Cytomorphometric analysis and morphological assessment of oral exfoliated cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy individuals: A comparative study

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          Abstract

          Context:

          Oral exfoliative cytology is a simple, nonaggressive technique that is well accepted by patients. Therefore, it is an attractive option, which aids in the diagnosis and observation of epithelial atypias associated with oral mucosal diseases.

          Aims:

          The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the quantitative and qualitative alterations in exfoliative smears from type 2 diabetics and healthy individuals.

          Patients and Methods:

          The study includes 30 type 2 diabetics and 30 healthy persons of both sexes. PAP and hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stained smears were prepared from buccal mucosa (BM), tongue (T), floor of the mouth (FOM), and palate (P). Under a light microscope, 50 clearly defined unfolded epithelial cells were quantitatively evaluated for cellular area (CA), nuclear area (NA), and cellular-to-nuclear area ratio (CA:NA) and assessed for morphological features.

          Statistical Analysis:

          Collected data was manually entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 13.5 for analysis. Student's t-test was used at 95% confidence interval.

          Results:

          Quantitative assessment of the overall mean CA was less, mean NA was more, and mean CA:NA was less in diabetics than that in healthy persons at all the four sites. Diabetic oral cells showed qualiative cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations: cytoplasmic vacuoles, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, pyknosis, peri-nuclear halo, binucleation, nuclear vacuoles, inflammation, and microbial colonies.

          Conclusion:

          Oral cytology from type 2 diabetics is associated with detectable cytomorphological changes with alteration in size of the cell and nucleus, which is site specific, indicating epithelial cell degeneration in cytoplasm and nucleus.

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          Most cited references29

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          Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.

          The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people of all ages with diabetes for years 2000 and 2030. Data on diabetes prevalence by age and sex from a limited number of countries were extrapolated to all 191 World Health Organization member states and applied to United Nations' population estimates for 2000 and 2030. Urban and rural populations were considered separately for developing countries. The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in men than women, but there are more women with diabetes than men. The urban population in developing countries is projected to double between 2000 and 2030. The most important demographic change to diabetes prevalence across the world appears to be the increase in the proportion of people >65 years of age. These findings indicate that the "diabetes epidemic" will continue even if levels of obesity remain constant. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is likely that these figures provide an underestimate of future diabetes prevalence.
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            The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO 1999 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS).

            This random multistage cross-sectional population survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in subjects aged 25 years and above in India. The study was carried out in 77 centers (40 urban and 37 rural). 18363 (9008 males and 9355 females) subjects were studied. 10617 (5379 males and 5238 females) were from urban areas and 7746 (3629 males and 4117 females) from rural areas. Blood samples were taken after a fast of 10-12 h and 2 h after 75 g of oral glucose. Subjects were categorized as having IGT or DM using the World Health Organisation (WHO) (1999) criteria. The standardized prevalence rate for DM in the total Indian, urban and rural populations was 4.3, 5.9 and 2.7%, respectively. The corresponding IGT rates in the three populations was 5.2, 6.3 and 3.7%, respectively. The urban prevalence of DM and IGT was significantly greater than in the rural population (P < 0.001 in both instances). The prevalence of DM was significantly, more than that of IGT (P < 0.001) within both the rural and urban populations. Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem is India.
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              Diabetes and oral health: an overview.

              J Ship (2003)
              Diabetes is a common disease with concomitant oral manifestations that impact dental care. The purpose of this review is to summarize the prevalence, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, as well as dental treatment considerations for the patient with diabetes. Safely managing the patient with diabetes requires effective communication among multiple health care providers. Dentists must be familiar with techniques to diagnose, treat and prevent stomatological disorders in patients with diabetes. Dental practitioners will be treating more patients with diabetes in the future, and this article provides an overview of the systemic and oral aspects of the disease that impact dental treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Cytol
                J Cytol
                JCytol
                Journal of Cytology
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                0970-9371
                0974-5165
                Jan-Mar 2017
                : 34
                : 1
                : 27-33
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Suddha Rustagi College of Dental Science and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Khushboo Sahay, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Suddha Rustagi College of Dental Science and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India. E-mail: 22rashisharma@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                JCytol-34-27
                10.4103/0970-9371.197594
                5259926
                28182082
                bcae12cf-9f88-433f-96f8-02185eea2c5b
                Copyright: © 2017 Journal of Cytology

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Categories
                Original Article

                Pathology
                cytomorphometry,diabetes,oral exfoliative cytology,oral mucosa
                Pathology
                cytomorphometry, diabetes, oral exfoliative cytology, oral mucosa

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