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      A RT-PCR method for selective amplification and phenotypic characterization of all three serotypes of Sabin-related polioviruses from viral mixtures

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          Abstract

          Outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses are challenging the final eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis. Therefore, the surveillance of the acute flaccid paralysis cases based on poliovirus isolation and characterization remains an essential activity. Due to the use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), mixtures containing more than one serotype of Sabin-related polioviruses are frequently isolated from clinical samples. Because each poliovirus isolate needs to be individually analyzed, we designed polymerase chain reaction primers that can selectively distinguish and amplify a genomic segment of the three Sabin-related poliovirus serotypes present in mixtures, thus, optimizing the diagnosis and providing prompt information to support epidemiologic actions.

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          Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV): Impact on poliomyelitis eradication.

          Philip D. Minor (2009)
          The live attenuated strains used in the oral poliovirus (OPV) have been the main tool in the WHO polio eradication programme. However, these strains replicate in the human gut and are excreted for several weeks after immunisation. During this period, the attenuating mutations in the vaccine strains can rapidly revert. This may, in rare cases, cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in vaccinees or result in transmissible and neurovirulent circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) strains. Outbreaks of poliomyelitis caused by VDPV have recently occurred in communities with long-term incomplete immunisation coverage. Hypogammaglobulinaemic vaccinees can chronically excrete immunodeficient VDPV (iVDPV) for several decades. As long as OPV is used, cVDPV and iVDPV pose a risk of causing poliomyelitis in unprotected individuals and threaten the goal of poliovirus eradication. VDPV cannot arise from the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), but financial and logistical barriers to replace OPV with IPV remain.
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            From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed

            Neal Nathanson, Olen M. Kew (2010)
            Poliomyelitis has appeared in epidemic form, become endemic on a global scale, and been reduced to near-elimination, all within the span of documented medical history. Epidemics of the disease appeared in the late 19th century in many European countries and North America, following which polio became a global disease with annual epidemics. During the period of its epidemicity, 1900–1950, the age distribution of poliomyelitis cases increased gradually. Beginning in 1955, the creation of poliovirus vaccines led to a stepwise reduction in poliomyelitis, culminating in the unpredicted elimination of wild polioviruses in the United States by 1972. Global expansion of polio immunization resulted in a reduction of paralytic disease from an estimated annual prevaccine level of at least 600,000 cases to fewer than 1,000 cases in 2000. Indigenous wild type 2 poliovirus was eradicated in 1999, but unbroken localized circulation of poliovirus types 1 and 3 continues in 4 countries in Asia and Africa. Current challenges to the final eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis include the continued transmission of wild polioviruses in endemic reservoirs, reinfection of polio-free areas, outbreaks due to circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, and persistent excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus by a few vaccinees with B-cell immunodeficiencies. Beyond the current efforts to eradicate the last remaining wild polioviruses, global eradication efforts must safely navigate through an unprecedented series of endgame challenges to assure the permanent cessation of all human poliovirus infections.
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              Geographic distribution of wild poliovirus type 1 genotypes.

              R. Hesse, M Pallansch, O Kew … (1987)
              Determination of the patterns of genomic variation among RNA virus isolates is a powerful approach for establishing their epidemiologic interrelationships. The standard technique for such studies, ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting, can detect similarities only among very closely related isolates. The rapid evolution of the poliovirus genome during transmission in humans requires the application of alternate methods to identify more distant relationships. To obtain a substantially broader view of the distribution of wild poliovirus type 1 genotypes in nature, we compared 150 bases of genomic sequence information (encoding parts of the capsid protein VP1 and the noncapsid protein 2A) from 62 isolates obtained from poliomyelitis patients in five continents. The partial sequence information allowed us to (1) identify numerous geographic foci of endemic circulation of wild type 1 polioviruses, (2) reveal previously unsuspected links between cases in distant communities, (3) monitor the displacement from the environment of preexisting polioviruses by viruses from other regions, and (4) recognize the recombinant (vaccine-wild; wild-wild) origins of some epidemic polioviruses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mioc
                Title: Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
                Abbreviated Title: Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
                Publisher: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                ISSN (Print): 0074-0276
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-8060
                Publication date (Print and electronic): August 2012
                Volume: 107
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 698-701
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameFiocruz orgdiv1Instituto Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv2Laboratório de Enterovírus Brasil
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0074-02762012000500022 Publisher ID: S0074-0276(12)10700522
                DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762012000500022
                SO-VID: bcbab0cd-304f-484c-b2da-029d775aaed1
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 26 October 2011
                Date accepted : 21 March 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 9, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Subject: Technical Notes

                Keywords: diagnostic techniques and procedures,poliovirus,VP1 protein
                Data availability:
                Keywords: diagnostic techniques and procedures, poliovirus, VP1 protein

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