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      Holistic cognitive and neural processes: a fNIRS-hyperscanning study on interpersonal sensorimotor synchronization

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          Abstract

          Interpersonal sensorimotor synchronization (interpersonal SMS) is the foundation of complex human social interaction. Previous studies primarily focused on the individual cognitive processes of interpersonal SMS. However, all individuals compose an entire interaction system with emerged holistic properties during interpersonal SMS. Therefore, we proposed the `holistic cognitive and neural processes’ of interpersonal SMS and defined quantitative measurements that included Holistic Correction Gain (HCG), Holistic Timekeeper Variance (HTV) and Holistic Motor Variance (HMV) based on linear error correction model and inter-brain couplings obtained by hyperscanning technique. We performed a joint-tapping experiment including bidirectional and unidirectional conditions using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning to evaluate effects of these holistic processes on synchronization performance. We found that the dyads’ performance highly correlated with the integrated effect of holistic cognitive processes in both conditions. Each holistic cognitive process played different roles in interpersonal SMS. HCG was critical to maintain synchronization. HTV related to mentalizing others’ behavior. Holistic neural process, the inter-brain coupling of right prefrontal cortex (PFC), was significantly different between bidirectional and unidirectional conditions, which suggested the existence of neural markers at holistic level in interpersonal SMS.

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          Sensorimotor synchronization: a review of recent research (2006-2012).

          Bruno H. Repp, Yi-Huang Su (2013)
          Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) is the coordination of rhythmic movement with an external rhythm, ranging from finger tapping in time with a metronome to musical ensemble performance. An earlier review (Repp, 2005) covered tapping studies; two additional reviews (Repp, 2006a, b) focused on music performance and on rate limits of SMS, respectively. The present article supplements and extends these earlier reviews by surveying more recent research in what appears to be a burgeoning field. The article comprises four parts, dealing with (1) conventional tapping studies, (2) other forms of moving in synchrony with external rhythms (including dance and nonhuman animals' synchronization abilities), (3) interpersonal synchronization (including musical ensemble performance), and (4) the neuroscience of SMS. It is evident that much new knowledge about SMS has been acquired in the last 7 years.
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            Brain-to-brain coupling: a mechanism for creating and sharing a social world.

            Uri Hasson, Asif Ghazanfar, Bruno Galantucci … (2012)
            Cognition materializes in an interpersonal space. The emergence of complex behaviors requires the coordination of actions among individuals according to a shared set of rules. Despite the central role of other individuals in shaping one's mind, most cognitive studies focus on processes that occur within a single individual. We call for a shift from a single-brain to a multi-brain frame of reference. We argue that in many cases the neural processes in one brain are coupled to the neural processes in another brain via the transmission of a signal through the environment. Brain-to-brain coupling constrains and shapes the actions of each individual in a social network, leading to complex joint behaviors that could not have emerged in isolation. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction

              Guillaume Dumas, Jacqueline Nadel, Robert Soussignan … (2010)
              During social interaction, both participants are continuously active, each modifying their own actions in response to the continuously changing actions of the partner. This continuous mutual adaptation results in interactional synchrony to which both members contribute. Freely exchanging the role of imitator and model is a well-framed example of interactional synchrony resulting from a mutual behavioral negotiation. How the participants' brain activity underlies this process is currently a question that hyperscanning recordings allow us to explore. In particular, it remains largely unknown to what extent oscillatory synchronization could emerge between two brains during social interaction. To explore this issue, 18 participants paired as 9 dyads were recorded with dual-video and dual-EEG setups while they were engaged in spontaneous imitation of hand movements. We measured interactional synchrony and the turn-taking between model and imitator. We discovered by the use of nonlinear techniques that states of interactional synchrony correlate with the emergence of an interbrain synchronizing network in the alpha-mu band between the right centroparietal regions. These regions have been suggested to play a pivotal role in social interaction. Here, they acted symmetrically as key functional hubs in the interindividual brainweb. Additionally, neural synchronization became asymmetrical in the higher frequency bands possibly reflecting a top-down modulation of the roles of model and imitator in the ongoing interaction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): scan
                Title: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 1749-5016
                ISSN (Electronic): 1749-5024
                Publication date Collection: November 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 October 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 October 2018
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 1141-1154
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [2 ]Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [3 ]IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [4 ]School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [5 ]School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to Chaozhe Zhu, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China. E-mail: czzhu@ 123456bnu.edu.cn and Dahui Wang,School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China. E-mail:wangdh@bnu.edu.cn. Ruina Dai and Ran Liu contributed equally to this study.
                Article
                Publisher ID: nsy090
                DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy090
                PMC ID: 6234323
                PubMed ID: 30321411
                SO-VID: bccc4dee-0830-4e65-ae1c-c20706f70bf1
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                Date received : 9 June 2018
                Date revision received : 14 May 2018
                Date accepted : 7 October 2018
                Page count
                Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 61431002
                Award ID: 61273287
                Award ID: 31221003
                Award ID: 31521063
                Award ID: 31671077
                Funded by: National Key Basic Research Program of China
                Award ID: 2014CB846100
                Funded by: Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education of China
                Award ID: 11-0046
                Funded by: Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation
                Award ID: 12&ZD228
                Funded by: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: interpersonal sensorimotor synchronization,linear error correction model,holistic view,fnirs hyperscanning,inter-brain neural coupling
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: interpersonal sensorimotor synchronization, linear error correction model, holistic view, fnirs hyperscanning, inter-brain neural coupling

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