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      IMPULSE OSCILLOMETRY AND SPIROMETRY IN SCHOOLERS SUBMITTED TO THE SIX-MINUTE WALK TEST Translated title: OSCILOMETRIA DE IMPULSO E ESPIROMETRIA EM ESCOLARES SUBMETIDOS AO TESTE DE CAMINHADA DE SEIS MINUTOS

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To verify repercussions of submaximal exercise testing on respiratory mechanics and pulmonary function in schoolchildren.

          Methods:

          Cross-sectional study, with children aged 7 to 14 years, who had their respiratory mechanics assessed by impulse oscillometry (IOS), and pulmonary function by spirometry. They performed the six-minute walk test (6MWT), as per the standards by the American Thoracic Society. The 6MWT was performed twice with a 30-minute interval. IOS and spirometry were performed before the first 6MWT (Pre-6MWT) and immediately after the first (Post-6MWT 1) and second walking tests (Post-6MWT 2). The results in these three phases were compared by analysis of variance for repeated measures (post-hoc Bonferroni test) or by the Friedman’s test, with p≤0.05 considered significant.

          Results:

          Twenty-one subjects participated in the study: 53% were males and mean age was 10.9±2.3 years. There were differences between total resistance (R5) and central airway resistance (R20) at the three phases of assessment (p=0.025 and p=0.041, respectively). Post-hoc analysis indicated increase in R5 when Pre-6MWT and Post-6MWT 1 were compared (R5=0.540±0.100 versus 0.590±0.150 kPa/L/s, p=0.013; and R20=0.440±0.800 versus 0.470±0.100 kPa/L/s, p=0.038). Forced expiratory flow 25-75% (FEF 25-75%) changed over time (p=0.003).

          Conclusions:

          Repercussions were: increase in central and total airway resistance and reduction of FEF 25-75% after 6MWT in schoolchildren, suggesting that greater attention should be given to submaximal tests in children with predisposition to airways alterations.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Verificar as repercussões do teste de esforço submáximo na mecânica respiratória e na função pulmonar de escolares.

          Métodos:

          Estudo transversal com escolares de 7 a 14 anos submetidos à avaliação da mecânica respiratória por sistema de oscilometria de impulso (IOS) e da função pulmonar pela espirometria. Realizou-se também o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6), todos segundo os padrões da Sociedade Torácica Americana. O TC6 foi executado duas vezes com intervalo de 30 minutos entre cada teste. O IOS e a espirometria foram feitos antes do primeiro TC6 (pré-TC6) e repetidos imediatamente após o primeiro TC6 (pós-TC6 1) e após o segundo TC6 (pós-TC6 2). A comparação dos resultados nos três tempos do estudo se deu por análise de variância para medidas repetidas (teste post-hoc de Bonferroni) ou teste de Friedman, sendo significante p≤0,05.

          Resultados:

          Participaram 21 sujeitos; 53% masculinos e idade média de 10,9±2,3 anos. Encontraram-se diferenças entre resistência total (R5) e resistência central das vias aéreas (R20) nos 3 tempos do estudo (p=0,025 e p=0,041, respectivamente). A análise post-hoc indicou aumento de resistência R5 entre pré-TC6 e pós-TC6 1 (R5=0,540±0,100 versus 0,590±0,150 kPa/L/s, p=0,013; e R20=0,440±0,800 versus 0,470±0,100 kPa/L/s, p=0,038). A única variável espirométrica com alteração no decorrer do tempo foi o fluxo expiratório forçado 25-75% (FEF 25-75%) (p=0,003).

          Conclusões:

          As repercussões encontradas foram: aumento da resistência total e da resistência central das vias aéreas e redução do FEF 25-75% após o TC6 em escolares, sugerindo a necessidade de mais atenção na realização de testes submáximos em crianças com alguma predisposição a alterações das vias aéreas.

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          Most cited references35

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          The forced oscillation technique in clinical practice: methodology, recommendations and future developments

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            An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

            Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) describes acute airway narrowing that occurs as a result of exercise. EIB occurs in a substantial proportion of patients with asthma, but may also occur in individuals without known asthma. To provide clinicians with practical guidance, a multidisciplinary panel of stakeholders was convened to review the pathogenesis of EIB and to develop evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of EIB. The evidence was appraised and recommendations were formulated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Recommendations for the treatment of EIB were developed. The quality of evidence supporting the recommendations was variable, ranging from low to high. A strong recommendation was made for using a short-acting β(2)-agonist before exercise in all patients with EIB. For patients who continue to have symptoms of EIB despite the administration of a short-acting β(2)-agonist before exercise, strong recommendations were made for a daily inhaled corticosteroid, a daily leukotriene receptor antagonist, or a mast cell stabilizing agent before exercise. The recommendations in this Guideline reflect the currently available evidence. New clinical research data will necessitate a revision and update in the future.
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              Six-minute walk test in children and adolescents.

              To evaluate the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) for healthy Caucasian children and adolescents of a population-based sample from the age of 3 to 18 years. Two hundred and eighty boys and 248 girls completed a modified test, using a measuring wheel as incentive device. Median 6MWD increased from the age of 3 to 11 years in boys and girls alike and increased further with increasing age in boys (from 667.3 m to 727.6 m), whereas it essentially plateaued in girls (655.8 m to 660.9 m). After adjusting for age, height (P = .001 in boys and P < .001 in girls) remained independently correlated with the 6MWD. In the best fitting and most efficient linear and quadratic regression models, the variables age and height explained about 49% of the variability of the 6MWD in boys and 50% in girls. This modified 6-minute walk test (6MWT) proved to be safe, easy to perform, and highly acceptable to children. It provides a simple and inexpensive means to measure functional exercise capacity in children, even of young age, and might be of value when conducting comparable studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                rpp
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                Oct-Dec 2018
                Oct-Dec 2018
                : 36
                : 4
                : 474-481
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
                [b ]Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspoding author. E-mail: cacaiss@ 123456yahoo.com.br (C.I.S. Schivinski).

                The authors declare no conflict of interests.

                Article
                10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;4;00007
                6322806
                30379277
                bcd9d030-ffa9-409a-97e9-9b46fbaa66f4

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 04 April 2017
                : 08 October 2017
                : 23 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 08
                Categories
                Original Article

                child,oscillometry,respiratory function tests,effort test,criança,oscilometria,teste de função respiratória,teste de esforço

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