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      Selective Recognition of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine on a Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Chitosan Hybrid Film-Modified Microelectrode Array

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          Abstract

          It is difficult to determine dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) accurately because of the interference of ascorbic acid (AA) in vitro, which has a high concentration and can be oxidized at a potential close to DA and 5-HT at a conventional electrode, combined with the overlapping voltammetric signal of DA and 5-HT at a bare electrode. Herein, chitosan (CS) was used as a stabilizing matrix by electrochemical reaction, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were modified onto the microelectrode array (MEA). The CS-MWCNT hybrid film-modified MEA was quite effective at simultaneously recognizing these species in a mixture and resolved the overlapping anodic peaks of AA, DA and 5-HT into three well-defined oxidation peaks in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at −80 mV, 105 mV and 300 mV ( versus Ag|AgCl), respectively. The linear responses were obtained in the range of 5 × 10 −6 M to 2 × 10 −4 M for DA (r = 0.996) and in the range of 1 × 10 −5 M to 3 × 10 −4 M for 5-HT (r = 0.999) using the DPV under the presence of a single substance. While DA coexisted with 5-HT in the interference of 3 × 10 −4 M AA, the linear responses were obtained in the range of 1 × 10 −5 M to 3 × 10 −4 M for selective molecular recognition of DA (r = 0.997) and 5-HT (r = 0.997) using the DPV. Therefore, this proposed MEA was successfully used for selective molecular recognition and determination of DA and 5-HT using the DPV, which has a potential application for real-time determination in vitro experiments.

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          Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials

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            Sulfated chitin and chitosan as novel biomaterials.

            Chitin and chitosan are known to be natural polymers and they are non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. Chemical modification of chitin and chitosan with sulfate to generate new bifunctional materials is of interest because the modification would not change the fundamental skeleton of chitin and chitosan, would keep the original physicochemical and biochemical properties and finally would bring new or improved properties. The sulfated chitin and chitosan have a variety of applications, such as, adsorbing metal ions, drug delivery systems, blood compatibility, and antibacterial field. The purpose of this review is to take a closer look about the different synthetic methods and potential applications of sulfated chitin and chitosan. Based on current research and existing products, some new and futuristic approaches in this context area are discussed in detail. From the studies reviewed, we concluded that sulfated chitin and chitosan are promising materials for biomedical applications.
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              Dopamine and serotonin: influences on male sexual behavior.

              Steroid hormones regulate sexual behavior primarily by slow, genomically mediated effects. These effects are realized, in part, by enhancing the processing of relevant sensory stimuli, altering the synthesis, release, and/or receptors for neurotransmitters in integrative areas, and increasing the responsiveness of appropriate motor outputs. Dopamine has facilitative effects on sexual motivation, copulatory proficiency, and genital reflexes. Dopamine in the nigrostriatal tract influences motor activity; in the mesolimbic tract it activates numerous motivated behaviors, including copulation; in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) it controls genital reflexes, copulatory patterns, and specifically sexual motivation. Testosterone increases nitric oxide synthase in the MPOA; nitric oxide increases basal and female-stimulated dopamine release, which in turn facilitates copulation and genital reflexes. Serotonin (5-HT) is primarily inhibitory, although stimulation of 5-HT(2C) receptors increases erections and inhibits ejaculation, whereas stimulation of 5-HT(1A) receptors has the opposite effects: facilitation of ejaculation and, in some circumstances, inhibition of erection. 5-HT is released in the anterior lateral hypothalamus at the time of ejaculation. Microinjections of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors there delay the onset of copulation and delay ejaculation after copulation begins. One means for this inhibition is a decrease in dopamine release in the mesolimbic tract.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                January 2015
                08 January 2015
                : 15
                : 1
                : 1008-1021
                Affiliations
                [1 ] State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; E-Mails: xuhuiren_2012@ 123456163.com (H.X.); wangli2011iecas@ 123456163.com (L.W.); jpluo@ 123456mail.ie.ac.cn (J.L.); ylsong@ 123456mail.ie.ac.cn (Y.S.); liujuntao@ 123456mail.ie.ac.cn (J.L.); zhangsong0112@ 123456126.com (S.Z.)
                [2 ] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: W. Rudolf Seitz

                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: xxcai@ 123456mail.ie.ac.cn ; Tel.: +86-10-5888-7193; Fax: +86-10-5888-7172.
                Article
                sensors-15-01008
                10.3390/s150101008
                4327061
                25580900
                bce82235-761a-49df-ae44-3eba41fd3fe6
                © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 03 November 2014
                : 29 December 2014
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                microelectrode array,chitosan,multi-walled nanotubes,dopamine,5-hydroxytryptamine

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