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      La importancia de involucrar a niños y niñas en la preparación de las comidas Translated title: The importance of involving boys and girls in food preparation

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          Abstract

          Resumen La neofobia alimentaria infantil se asocia normalmente a un menor consumo de frutas y verduras, y esto último se relaciona con una dieta menos saludable. Se han llevado a cabo diferentes tipos de programas con el objetivo de reducir la neofobia alimentaria y aumentar así la ingesta de frutas y verduras en la infancia. Entre ellos, los de educación sensorial han mostrado su eficacia. Por otro lado, los diversos programas nutricionales que incluyen actividades de huerto y preparación de alimentos se utilizan con el mismo fin. No obstante, la heterogeneidad de los programas y de sus evaluaciones dificultan llegar a conclusiones sólidas sobre su efectividad. Se han llevado a cabo diversos estudios experimentales para determinar el efecto de cada una de las etapas de la preparación de alimentos por separado: la elección de la receta, la compra de los alimentos, su cocinado y su emplatado. Si bien los resultados son prometedores, es necesario realizar estudios en entornos reales para validar dichos experimentos. Un ejemplo es el proyecto EgizuSUK, llevado a cabo en el ámbito escolar y que engloba diferentes sesiones que trabajan las etapas del proceso de alimentación y cuyos resultados, comparados con un grupo control, parecen estar en línea con los estudios experimentales. Finalmente, y con el objetivo de promover una alimentación saludable en la población infantil, se considera necesario que los programas incluyan elementos de educación nutricional y educación sensorial, así como de habilidades culinarias. Además, tener en cuenta el entorno escolar y el contexto familiar es clave para el adecuado desarrollo de dichos programas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Child food neophobia is usually associated with a lower consumption of fruits and vegetables, and the latter, is related to a less healthy diet. Different types of programs have been conducted in order to reduce food neophobia and thus increase the intake of fruits and vegetables in childhood. Among them, sensory education programs have shown their effectiveness. On the other hand, various nutritional programs that include garden and food preparation activities are used for the same purpose. However, the heterogeneity of programs and their evaluations, make it difficult to reach firm conclusions about its effectiveness. Several experimental studies have been conducted to determine the effect of each of the stages of preparing food separately: the selection of the recipe, the purchase of food, cooking and the presentation of the plate. While the results are promising, it is necessary to realize studies in real environments to validate such experiments. An example is the EgizuSUK project, carried out at schools and that encompasses different sessions that involve children in the different stages of the preparation of new foodstuffs, and whose results, compared with a control group, seem to be in line with the experimental studies. Finally, in order to promote healthy eating in children, it is considered that programs should include elements of nutrition education, sensory education, as well as culinary skills. In addition, school setting as well as the family context should be taken into consideration as key elements in the development of such programs.

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          Teaching approaches and strategies that promote healthy eating in primary school children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

          Background Healthy eating by primary school-aged children is important for good health and development. Schools can play an important role in the education and promotion of healthy eating among children. The aim of this review was to: 1) perform a systematic review of randomised controlled, quasi-experimental and cluster controlled trials examining the school-based teaching interventions that improve the eating habits of primary school children; and 2) perform a meta-analysis to determine the effect of those interventions. Methods The systematic review was limited to four healthy eating outcomes: reduced food consumption or energy intake; increased fruit and vegetable consumption or preference; reduced sugar consumption or preference (not from whole fruit); increased nutritional knowledge. In March 2014, we searched seven electronic databases using predefined keywords for intervention studies that were conducted in primary schools which focused on the four healthy eating outcomes. Targeted internet searching using Google Scholar was also used. In excess of 200,000 possible citations were identified. Abstracts and full text of articles of potentially relevant papers were screened to determine eligibility. Data pertaining to teaching strategies that reported on healthy eating outcomes for primary school children was extracted from the 49 eligible papers. Results Experiential learning strategies were associated with the largest effects across the reduced food consumption or energy intake; increased fruit and vegetable consumption or preference; and increased nutritional knowledge outcomes. Reducing sugar consumption and preference was most influenced by cross-curricular approaches embedded in the interventions. Conclusions As with most educational interventions, most of the teaching strategies extracted from the intervention studies led to positive changes in primary school children’s healthy eating behaviours. However, given the finite resources, increased overcrowding of school curriculum and capacity of teachers in primary schools, a meta-analysis of this scope is able to provide stakeholders with the best evidence of where these resources should be focused.
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            The Impact of Cooking Classes on Food-Related Preferences, Attitudes, and Behaviors of School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review of the Evidence, 2003–2014

            Introduction Cooking programs have been used to promote healthful eating among people of all ages. This review assesses the evidence on childhood cooking programs and their association with changes in food-related preferences, attitudes, and behaviors of school-aged children. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Ovid-Medline, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases. We included primary research articles that involved cooking education programs for children and searched reference lists for eligible articles. Studies considered for review contained a hands-on cooking intervention; had participants aged 5 to 12 years; were published in a peer-reviewed journal on or after January 1, 2003; and were written in English. We used the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies to rate the strength of each article and assess bias. The following information was extracted from each study: study design, sample size, location, duration, intervention components, data collection methods, and outcomes. Results Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and used cooking education to influence children’s food-related preferences, attitudes, and behaviors. Programs varied in duration, evaluation methods, and outcomes of interest. Self-reported food preparation skills, dietary intake, cooking confidence, fruit and vegetable preferences, attitudes toward food and cooking, and food-related knowledge were among the outcomes measured. Program exposure ranged from 2 sessions to regular instruction over 2 years, and the effect of cooking programs on children’s food-related preferences, attitudes, and behaviors varied among the reviewed studies. Conclusions Findings suggest that cooking programs may positively influence children’s food-related preferences, attitudes, and behaviors. However, because study measurements varied widely, determining best practices was difficult. Further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps on ideal program length, long-term effects, and usefulness of parent engagement, tasting lessons, and other intervention components.
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              A sensitive period for learning about food.

              E Cashdan (1994)
              It is proposed here that there is a sensitive period in the first two to three years of life during which humans acquire a basic knowledge of what foods are safe to eat. In support of this, it is shown that willingness to eat a wide variety of foods is greatest between the ages of one and two years, and then declines to low levels by age four. These data also show that children who are introduced to solids unusually late have a narrower diet breadth throughout childhood, perhaps because the duration of the sensitive period has been shortened. By reducing the costs associated with learning, a sensitive period for food learning should be adaptive for any omnivore (including early humans) that remains in the same environment throughout its life.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe4
                : 136-139
                Affiliations
                [1] Donostia-San Sebastián orgnameBasque Culinary Center Spain
                [2] Donostia-San Sebastián orgnameUniversidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) orgdiv1Facultad de Psicología orgdiv2Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112018000700136 S0212-1611(18)03500400136
                10.20960/nh.2139
                bcecb64b-ec56-467e-8f9f-ce946988190d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Spain

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                Trabajos Originales

                Cocinar,Educación nutricional,Neofobia alimentaria,Infancia,Colegios,Nutritional education,Food neophobia,Childhood,Schools,Cooking

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