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      Weaker Self-Esteem in Adolescence Predicts Smoking

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          Abstract

          Background. To study whether weaker self-esteem in adolescence is connected with smoking behavior in adulthood. Methods. An age cohort born in 1979 responded to the Lawrence Self-Esteem Questionnaire (LAWSEQ) at the age of 16 ( n = 1,072). Respondents' smoking behavior was monitored annually during adolescence and 75.3% ( n = 813) of them remained nonsmokers during adolescence. A follow-up questionnaire eliciting smoking behavior was sent to the adolescent nonsmokers at the age of 29 years. Response rate at follow-up was 46.2% ( n = 376). Results. Weaker self-esteem (LAWSEQ score ≥ 3) during the adolescence was not significantly associated with smoking in adulthood. However, those respondents who had weaker self-esteem in adolescence had increased risk of having been smoking regularly (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0) although not all of them were smokers at the time of the follow-up. Conclusions. Those with weaker self-esteem in adolescence are more likely to smoke regularly in adulthood.

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          Smoking and the Five-Factor Model of personality.

          Érico Costa, Antonio Terracciano (2004)
          Investigating the association between personality traits and smoking status using a comprehensive model of personality, the Five-Factor Model (FFM). Cross-sectional survey. Setting Baltimore, MD, USA. Participants Adult elderly Americans (n = 1638). A self-administered survey on cigarette smoking and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Current smokers scored higher than never smokers on neuroticism and lower on agreeableness and conscientiousness; former smokers scored intermediate on these higher-order dimensions. Neuroticism was related to smoking particularly among individuals with low conscientiousness, as indicated by an interaction effect between the two factors. There were no differences on extraversion and openness to experience. At the lower-order facet level, smokers were characterized by inability to resist cravings (high impulsiveness), search for stimulation (high excitement-seeking), lack of perseverance (low self-discipline) and lack of careful consideration of the consequences of their actions (low deliberation). At the higher-order factor level, this study replicates and extends previous studies using a comprehensive model of personality (FFM). The greater specificity provided by the facet-level analysis appears to explain some of the conflicting results in the literature, and the use of an older sample provides insight especially into the former smokers group. Personality research may lead to a deeper understanding of cigarette smoking and can potentially contribute to policies and programs of smoking prevention and cessation.
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            Mortality, morbidity and costs attributable to smoking in Germany: update and a 10-year comparison.

            Katharina Buesch, M. Neubauer, Reiner Leidl … (2006)
            To assess the negative health consequences and associated costs of cigarette smoking in Germany in 2003 and to compare them with the respective results from 1993. The number of deaths, years of potential life lost (YPLL), direct medical and indirect costs caused by active cigarette smoking in Germany in 2003 is estimated from a societal perspective. The method is similar to that applied by Welte et al, who estimated the cost of smoking in Germany in 1993. Therefore, a direct comparison of the results was possible. Methodological and data differences between these two publications and their effect on the results are analysed. In 2003, 114,647 deaths and 1.6 million YPLL were attributable to smoking. Total costs were euro21.0 billion, with euro7.5 billion for acute hospital care, inpatient rehabilitation care, ambulatory care and prescribed drugs; euro4.7 billion for the indirect costs of mortality; and euro8.8 billion for costs due to work loss days and early retirement. From 1993 to 2003, the proportionate mortality attributable to smoking remained relatively stable, rising from 13.0% to 13.4%. The smoking-attributable deaths in men is lowered by 13.7% whereas that in women increased by 45.3%. Total real direct costs rose by 35.8%, and total real indirect costs declined by 7.1%, rendering an increase of 4.7% to real total costs. Accountable factors are changes in cigarette smoking prevalence and in disease-specific mortality and morbidity, as well as a rise in general healthcare expenditure. Despite the growing knowledge about the hazards of smoking, the smoking-attributable costs increased in Germany. Further, female mortality attributable to smoking is much higher than it was in 1993.
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              Genetic and environmental factors affecting self-esteem from age 14 to 17: a longitudinal study of Finnish twins.

              Karri Silventoinen, Lea Pulkkinen, Felicity R. A. J. Rose … (2007)
              We analysed genetic and environmental influences on self-esteem and its stability in adolescence. Finnish twins born in 1983-1987 were assessed by questionnaire at ages 14 (n = 4132 twin individuals) and 17 years (n = 3841 twin individuals). Self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg global self-esteem scale and analyzed using quantitative genetic methods for twin data in the Mx statistical package. The heritability of self-esteem was 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-0.68] in 14-year-old boys and 0.40 (95% CI 0.26-0.54) in 14-year-old girls, while the corresponding estimates at age 17 were 0.48 (95% CI 0.39-0.56) and 0.29 (95% CI 0.11-0.45). Rosenberg self-esteem scores at ages 14 and 17 were modestly correlated (r = 0.44 in boys, r = 0.46 in girls). In boys, the correlation was mainly (82%) due to genetic factors, with residual co-variation due to unique environment. In girls, genetic (31%) and common environmental (61%) factors largely explained the correlation. In adolescence, self-esteem seems to be differently regulated in boys versus girls. A key challenge for future research is to identify environmental influences contributing to self-esteem during adolescence and determine how these factors interact with genetic influences.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 July 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 687541
                Affiliations
                1University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
                2JYTA, Tunkkari Health Care Centre, Mäntöläntie 2, 69730 Veteli, Finland
                3Social and Health Services, P.O. Box 241, 65101 Vaasa, Finland
                4Centre of General Practice, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, P.O. Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Nasir Mushtaq

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/687541
                PMC ID: 4529926
                PubMed ID: 26273640
                SO-VID: bcfb94c8-a236-46e1-aa7a-20d7903c625d
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Antti J. Saari et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 23 November 2014
                Date revision received : 27 April 2015
                Date accepted : 17 May 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

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