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      Effects of Medication on fMRI Brain Activation Patterns in Bipolar Disorder Type I Patients Challenged with Working Memory Tasks Translated title: Efecto de la medicación en los patrones de activación cerebral en resonancia magnética funcional, ante un paradigma de memoria de trabajo en pacientes con trastorno bipolar tipo I

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          Abstract

          Background: Patients with bipolar disorder show increased activation in limbic and para-limbic areas whereas they show decreased activity in working memory-related areas. The degree to which pharmacological treatment determines these alterations is hard to gage, given that most studies have been done on patients already receiving such treatments. Objective: We seek to identify differences and the role of treatment in neurofunctional response in patients with bipolar disorder type I compared to controls, specifically while challenged with working memory tasks. Methods: Thirtythree euthymic patients with type I bipolar disorder and 10 controls were evaluated in a cross-sectional study; 13 of them were being treated with lithium, 9 with valproic acid, and 10 had not received treatment for at least 2 months prior to the study. Correlation was established between functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI) BOLD signal and working memory processes. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in demographics or clinical variables except for YMRS score. Patients and controls showed significantly different patterns of brain activation in the anterior cingulate (p:0.05) during working memory tasks. Conclusion: There are statistically significant differences in the anterior cingulate BOLD (Blood oxygen level dependent) signal of patients with Type I Bipolar disorder compared to controls.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción: Diversos estudios demuestran un aumento en la activación de áreas límbicas y paralímbicas y disminución de la activación en áreas relacionadas con la memoria de trabajo en pacientes con trastorno bipolar. La mayoría de estos estudios se realizan en pacientes que reciben tratamiento farmacológico, lo cual dificulta interpretar hasta qué punto el tratamiento es responsable de las alteraciones encontradas. Objetivo: Identificar las posibles diferencias en la respuesta neurofuncional de pacientes con trastorno bipolar en tareas de memoria operativa y establecer el papel de la medicación en estas diferencias. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo-correlacional de corte transversal. Se evaluaron 43 individuos, de los cuales 33 fueron pacientes eutímicos con trastorno bipolar tipo I (13 en tratamiento con carbonato de litio, 9 con ácido valpróico y 10 sin medicación al menos durante dos meses previos a la evaluación) y 11 controles. La resonancia magnética funcional (RMf) se usó para correlacionar sus procesos de memoria operativa con los cambios vistos en la señal BOLD, usando un paradigma que combina la presentación de bloques y eventos relacionados. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables clínicas o demográficas entre los grupos, excepto en el puntaje de la Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Se encontraron diferencias en el patrón de activación del cíngulo anterior al comparar los pacientes bipolares y los controles (p=0,05). Conclusión: Se encontraron diferencias en el patrón de activación del cíngulo anterior en la RMf en una prueba de memoria de trabajo comparando los pacientes bipolares tipo I y los controles.

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          Medication effects in neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder.

          Neuroimaging studies are promising components for a new diagnostic framework for bipolar disorder, but a major issue is the potential confound of psychotropic medication upon experimental measures. Withdrawing all individuals from medication and examining only unmedicated individuals may be clinically unfeasible, and examining only unmedicated individuals may render findings less generalizable. The authors review structural and functional neuroimaging studies of medicated and unmedicated patients with bipolar disorder to discern the possible confounding effect of medication. Findings from studies identified on MEDLINE that included medicated individuals with bipolar disorder indicated either no significant effect or ameliorative effects of psychotropic medications on abnormal structural and functional neuroimaging measures relevant to pathophysiologic mechanisms of the disorder. Different strategies for assessing medication effects are compared. Neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder ideally should recruit both unmedicated and medicated individuals. Individuals who are unable to tolerate medication withdrawal likely have more severe illness and are especially informative for research examining biomarkers of illness and treatment response.
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            An event-related functional MRI study of working memory in euthymic bipolar disorder.

            Bipolar disorder (BD) is emerging as an illness marred by neurocognitive deficits, many of which do not resolve on recovery. Deficits affecting working memory (WM) in particular appear to be significant. WM comprises temporally separated biological processes that involve the on-line retention and manipulation of information. Previous neuroimaging studies have not sought to dissect the individual contributions of WM and examined WM subprocesses in euthymic BD. In this study, we investigated the encode, delay and response components of WM to identify the neural substrates and respective contributions to the WM deficits found in BD. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a parametric WM task, incorporating 3 load conditions, to delineate individual WM subprocesses in 10 euthymic BD patients and 10 control subjects. Patients exhibited attenuated patterns of activity, predominantly in frontal brain regions, across all WM components. Based on the attenuated activity observed in the patients, the clinical deficits in WM found in BD may reflect broad fronto-cortico-limbic dysfunction that is not confined to any single WM component. This is important in understanding the pathophysiology of BD and for future studies on executive functions in patients with this illness.
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              Changes in learning, memory, and mood during lithium treatment

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcp
                Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría
                rev.colomb.psiquiatr.
                Asociacion Colombiana de Psiquiatria. (Bogotá )
                0034-7450
                October 2011
                : 40
                : suppl 1
                : 76-89
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [2 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [3 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [4 ] Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica de Antioquia (IATM) Colombia
                [5 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [6 ] Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica de Antioquia (IATM) Colombia
                [7 ] Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica de Antioquia (IATM) Colombia
                [8 ] Ciencias Clínicas
                [9 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                Article
                S0034-74502011000500006
                bd0851d6-d281-464d-b447-ed53cc90cf3a

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7450&lng=en
                Categories
                PSYCHIATRY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Functional magnetic resonance image,operative memory,work memory,lithium,valproic acid,bipolar disorder,Resonancia magnética funcional,memoria operativa,memoria de trabajo,litio,acido valproico,trastorno bipolar

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