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      Do fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) exposure and its attributable premature mortality differ for immigrants compared to those born in the United States?

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          Abstract

          In the United States (US), immigrants constitute a considerable and growing proportion of the general population. Compared to the US-born, immigrants have differential health risks, and it is unclear if environmental exposures contribute. In this work, we estimated disparities between immigrants and the US-born in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and attributable premature mortality, including by region of origin and time since immigration. With PM2.5 estimates from a validated model at ~1 km2 spatial resolution and residential Census tract population data, we calculated the annual area-weighted average PM2.5 exposure for immigrants overall, the US-born, and immigrants separately by geographic region of origin and time since immigration. We then calculated the premature mortality attributed to PM2.5 for each population group, assessing disparities by immigrant status in PM2.5 exposure and attributable premature mortality in the US as a whole and in each US county to evevaluate spatial heterogeneity. Overall, immigrants were exposed to slightly higher PM2.5 (0.36 μg/m3, 3.8%) than the US-born. This exposure difference translates to 2.11 more premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 per 100,000 in population for immigrants compared to the US-born in 2010. Immigrant - US-born disparities in PM2.5 and attributable premature mortality were more severe among immigrants originating from Asia, Africa, and Latin America than those from Europe, Oceania, and North America. Disparities between immigrant groups by time since immigration were comparatively small. Sensitivity analyses using 2000 data and a non-linear set of PM2.5 attributable mortality coefficients identified similar patterns. Our findings suggest that environmental exposure disparities, such as in PM2.5, may contribute to immigrant health disparities in the US.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Environ Res
          Environmental research
          Elsevier BV
          1096-0953
          0013-9351
          May 2021
          : 196
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: kelvin.fong@yale.edu.
          [2 ] Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
          Article
          S0013-9351(20)31284-6 NIHMS1643801
          10.1016/j.envres.2020.110387
          8079555
          33129853
          bd0bbf82-e5b8-4dac-8b50-23ffa6939d67
          History

          Environmental justice,Health disparity,Immigrant health,PM2.5,Air pollution

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