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      Elevated YKL40 is associated with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) and positively regulates invasion and migration of PCa cells

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          Abstract

          Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1 or YKL40) is a secreted glycoprotein highly expressed in tumours from patients with advanced stage cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). The exact function of YKL40 is poorly understood, but it has been shown to play an important role in promoting tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. The therapeutic value and biological function of YKL40 are unknown in PCa. The objective of this study was to examine the expression and function of YKL40 in PCa. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that YKL40 was highly expressed in metastatic PCa cells when compared with less invasive and normal prostate epithelial cell lines. In addition, the expression was primarily limited to androgen receptor-positive cell lines. Evaluation of YKL40 tissue expression in PCa patients showed a progressive increase in patients with aggressive disease when compared with those with less aggressive cancers and normal controls. Treatment of LNCaP and C4-2B cells with androgens increased YKL40 expression, whereas treatment with an anti-androgen agent decreased the gene expression of YKL40 in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. Furthermore, knockdown of YKL40 significantly decreased invasion and migration of PCa cells, whereas overexpression rendered them more invasive and migratory, which was commensurate with an enhancement in the anchorage-independent growth of cells. To our knowledge, this study characterises the role of YKL40 for the first time in PCa. Together, these results suggest that YKL40 plays an important role in PCa progression and thus inhibition of YKL40 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PCa.

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          Most cited references40

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          Androgen-independent cancer progression and bone metastasis in the LNCaP model of human prostate cancer.

          Our laboratory has previously reported on the derivation of LNCaP cell sublines from LNCaP tumors maintained in castrated and intact athymic male mice. These LNCaP sublines differ from the parental line in tumorigenicity and androgen dependence. This paper demonstrates that one of these sublines acquired metastatic potential. When inoculated either s.c. or orthotopically, the C4-2 subline metastasized to the lymph node and bone with an incidence of 11-50%. Interestingly, the incidence of osseous metastasis was higher in castrated than in intact male hosts. We evaluated the chromosomal, immunohistochemical, and biochemical characteristics of the LNCaP sublines derived from C4-2 tumors that metastasized to the lymph node and bone. Cytogenetic analysis showed that all sublines were human and shared common marker chromosomes with the parental LNCaP cells. This experimental human prostate cancer model may permit, for the first time, the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying human prostate cancer metastasis.
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            YKL-40, a secreted glycoprotein, promotes tumor angiogenesis

            Tumor angiogenesis is of paramount importance in solid tumor development. Elevated serum levels of YKL-40, a secreted heparin-binding glycoprotein have been associated with a worse prognosis from a variety of advanced human cancers. Yet the role of YKL-40 activity in these cancers is still missing. Here, we have shown that ectopic expression of YKL-40 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and HCT-116 colon cancer cells led to larger tumor formation with an extensive angiogenic phenotype than did control cancer cells in mice. Affinity purified recombinant YKL-40 protein promoted vascular endothelial cell angiogenesis in vitro, the effects similar to the activities observed using MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 cell conditioned medium after transfection with YKL-40. Further, YKL-40 was found to induce the coordination of membrane-bound receptor syndecan-1 and integrin αvβ3 and activate an intracellular signaling cascade including focal adhesion kinase and MAP kinase Erk1/2 in endothelial cells. Also, blockade of YKL-40 using siRNA gene knockdown suppressed tumor angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of human breast cancer revealed a correlation between YKL-40 expression and blood vessel density. These findings provide novel insights into angiogenic activities and molecular mechanisms of YKL-40 in cancer development.
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              Cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice: correlation with cell growth in semi-solid medium.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Endocr Relat Cancer
                Endocr. Relat. Cancer
                ERC
                Endocrine-Related Cancer
                Bioscientifica Ltd (Bristol )
                1351-0088
                1479-6821
                October 2014
                30 June 2014
                : 21
                : 5
                : 723-737
                Affiliations
                [1]Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital Translational Research Institute, BrisbaneAustralia
                [2]Department of Urologic Sciences Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British ColumbiaCanada
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to C Nelson Email: colleen.nelson@ 123456qut.edu.au
                Article
                ERC140267
                10.1530/ERC-14-0267
                4134518
                24981110
                bd2624fe-af63-42aa-92a0-3073f860ae89
                © 2014 The authors

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

                History
                : 25 June 2014
                : 26 June 2014
                Categories
                Research

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                ykl40,prostate cancer,cell migration,cell invasion,metastasis,targeted therapy
                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                ykl40, prostate cancer, cell migration, cell invasion, metastasis, targeted therapy

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