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      Factores que influyen en la supervivencia de la fístula arteriovenosa interna y su relación con la técnica de punción Translated title: Factors which influence the survival of arteriovenous fistula and their relationship to the puncture technique

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          Abstract

          Introducción: La siguiente revisión bibliográfica se realiza con el propósito de recopilar las causas de fracaso de la fístula arteriovenosa interna, haciendo especial hincapié en la relación entre la técnica de punción y fracaso de la misma, dada la importancia que el manejo y cuidados de enfermería tienen en el acceso vascular del paciente en hemodiálisis. Objetivo: Revisar la producción científica disponible sobre fallo primario o secundario de la fístula arteriovenosa interna. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática no metaanalítica, con búsqueda de información en las bases de datos Medline, Proquest, Scopus y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron artículos en español, inglés y francés. Resultados: Se revisaron 38 artículos publicados entre el año 2001 y 2016. La mayoría de ellos estudios observacionales. Tras el análisis de todas las variables se encontró que la edad avanzada, el género femenino, estado inflamatorio y de coagulación, la diabetes, episodios de hipotensión, localización y uso de catéter venoso central influyen negativamente en la supervivencia de la fístula arteriovenosa interna. En cuanto a la influencia de las diferentes técnicas de punción de la fístula, en la supervivencia de la misma, no hay datos concluyentes a favor de la ninguna técnica. Conclusiones: Podemos concluir que los factores que influyen negativamente en la supervivencia de la fístula arteriovenosa interna son: edad avanzada, género femenino, diabetes, estado inflamatorio, episodios de hipotensión, localización distal y uso previo de catéter venoso central.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: The following literature review aims to collect the causes of failure of arteriovenous fistula, with particular emphasis on the relationship between puncture technique and the failure of it, given the importance of management and nursing care in the vascular access of hemodialysis patients. Objective: To review the available scientific literature about the primary or secondary failure of arteriovenous fistula. Methods: A, non-meta-analytic, systematic review was carried out with information search in the following databases: Medline, ProQuest, Scopus and Google Scholar. Articles in Spanish, English and French are included. Results: The review includes 38 articles published between 2001 and 2016. Most of them are observational studies. After analyzing all the variables, we found that older age, female gender, inflammatory and coagulation status, diabetes, episodes of hypotension, location and use of central venous catheter adversely affect the survival of arteriovenous fistula. Regarding the influence of different needling techniques in the survival of the fistula, there is no conclusive evidence in favor of any technique. Conclusions: We can conclude that factors which adversely affect the survival of arteriovenous fistula are: advanced age, female gender, diabetes, inflammatory state, episodes of hypotension, distal location and previous use of central venous catheter.

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          The molecular mechanisms of hemodialysis vascular access failure

          The arteriovenous fistula has been used for more than 50 years to provide vascular access for patients undergoing hemodialysis. More than 1.5 million patients worldwide have end stage renal disease and this population will continue to grow. The arteriovenous fistula is the preferred vascular access for patients, but its patency rate at 1 year is only 60%. The majority of arteriovenous fistulas fail because of intimal hyperplasia. In recent years, there have been many studies investigating the molecular mechanisms responsible for intimal hyperplasia and subsequent thrombosis. These studies have identified common pathways including inflammation, uremia, hypoxia, sheer stress, and increased thrombogenicity. These cellular mechanisms lead to increased proliferation, migration, and eventually stenosis. These pathways work synergistically through shared molecular messengers. In this review, we will examine the literature concerning the molecular basis of hemodialysis vascular access malfunction.
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            A meta-analysis of dialysis access outcome in elderly patients.

            Many authors report inferior patency rates of distal arteriovenous fistulas in elderly patients and others present contradictory results. A meta-analysis of available evidence was performed to assess (1) whether non-elderly adults have the same risk of forearm arteriovenous fistula failure as elderly patients with end-stage renal disease and (2) whether such a distal access has the same risk of failure as more proximal access procedures or grafts in elderly patients. A literature search was performed using the MEDLINE and SCOPUS electronic databases. The analysis involved studies that comprised subgroups of elderly patients and compared their outcomes with those of non-elderly adults. Articles comparing patency rates of radial-cephalic and proximal fistulas or grafts in elderly patients were also included. Thirteen relevant studies (all cohort observational studies, 11 retrospective) were identified and included in the final analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significantly higher rate of radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistula failure in elderly patients compared with non-elderly adults at 12 (odds ratio [OR], 1.525; P = .001) and 24 months (OR, 1.357, P = .019). The primary radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistula failure rate was also in favor of the non-elderly adults (OR, 1.79; P = .012). Secondary analysis revealed a pooled effect in favor of the elbow brachiocephalic fistulas that was statistically significant (P = .004) compared with distal fistulas in elderly patients. This meta-analysis found an increased risk of radial-cephalic fistula failure in elderly patients and significant benefit from the creation of proximal autologous brachiocephalic fistulas. If confirmed by further prospective studies, these differences should be considered when planning a vascular access in incident elderly patients.
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              Intradialytic hypotension and vascular access thrombosis.

              Identifying potential modifiable risk factors to reduce the incidence of vascular access thrombosis in hemodialysis could reduce considerable morbidity and health care costs. We analyzed data from a subset of 1426 HEMO study subjects to determine whether more frequent intradialytic hypotension and/or lower predialysis systolic BP were associated with higher rates of vascular access thrombosis. Our primary outcome measure was episodes of vascular access thrombosis occurring within a given 6-month period during HEMO study follow-up. There were 2005 total episodes of vascular access thrombosis during a median 3.1 years of follow-up. The relative rate of thrombosis of native arteriovenous fistulas for the highest quartile of intradialytic hypotension was approximately twice that of the lowest quartile, independent of predialysis systolic BP and other covariates. There was no significant association of intradialytic hypotension with prosthetic arteriovenous graft thrombosis after multivariable adjustment. Higher predialysis systolic BP was associated with a lower rate of fistula and graft thrombosis, independent of intradialytic hypotension and other covariates. In conclusion, more frequent episodes of intradialytic hypotension and lower predialysis systolic BP associate with increased rates of vascular access thrombosis. These results underscore the importance of including vascular access patency in future studies of BP management in hemodialysis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                enefro
                Enfermería Nefrológica
                Enferm Nefrol
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2254-2884
                2255-3517
                September 2016
                : 19
                : 3
                : 215-230
                Affiliations
                [01] Córdoba orgnameUniversidad de Córdoba orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería España
                Article
                S2254-28842016000300004
                bd4be9fd-a1a1-4a28-acc1-efaa34f262b6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 August 2016
                : 25 June 2016
                : 30 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                fistula arteriovenosa,trombosis,hemodiálisis,arteriovenous fistula,thrombosis,hemodialysis

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