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Guidelines for Designing Social Robots as Second Language Tutors
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Abstract
In recent years, it has been suggested that social robots have potential as tutors and educators for both children and adults. While robots have been shown to be effective in teaching knowledge and skill-based topics, we wish to explore how social robots can be used to tutor a second language to young children. As language learning relies on situated, grounded and social learning, in which interaction and repeated practice are central, social robots hold promise as educational tools for supporting second language learning. This paper surveys the developmental psychology of second language learning and suggests an agenda to study how core concepts of second language learning can be taught by a social robot. It suggests guidelines for designing robot tutors based on observations of second language learning in human–human scenarios, various technical aspects and early studies regarding the effectiveness of social robots as second language tutors.
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is a Professor at the Centre for Robotics and Neural Systems at the University of Plymouth (UK) and at Ghent University (Belgium). He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium). He leads a team studying cognitive robotics and human–robot interaction. Starting from the premise that intelligence is rooted in social interaction, Belpaeme and his research team try to further the science and technology behind artificial intelligence and social robots. This results in a spectrum of results, from theoretical insights to practical applications. He is the coordinator of the H2020 L2TOR project, a large-scale European project bringing 7 partners together to study how robots can be used to support the learning of a second language by children.
is an Associate Professor at the Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. He received an M.Sc. in Cognitive Science and Engineering from the University of Groningen (Netherlands), and obtained a Ph.D. at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium). His research focuses on understanding the cultural, social and cognitive mechanisms that underlie the evolution and acquisition of language and communication. Vogt is particularly interested in investigating how humans and machines can ground the meaning of linguistic utterances in the real world, and how they learn language from each other through social interactions. To study this, he has used a variety of techniques, ranging from agent-based modelling, child–robot interaction and psycholinguistic experiments to ethnographic research of children’s language acquisition in different cultures.
is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Special Education at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. She received an MA in Linguistics from Utrecht University, in which she focused on (second) language acquisition and discourse processing. In her Ph.D. research, she investigates the way robot-assisted language lessons should be designed in order to optimize children’s learning gains and engagement.
is a postdoctoral researcher at the Cluster of Excellence for Cognitive Interaction Technology at Bielefeld University in Germany. She received her Ph.D. in Computer Science from Bielefeld University. For the past ten years she has worked on empirically grounded and cognitively plausible models of multimodal communicative behaviour, with a particular focus on coordination of speech and gestures in artificial agents. In current projects she is developing embodied tutoring systems, and has been investigating the role of multimodal communication in educational settings.
is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the Department of Psychology at Koç University in Istanbul, Turkey. She received her Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from Temple University in Philadelphia, PA, USA and worked as a postdoctoral researcher in the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, PA, USA. She leads the Language and Cognition Lab at Koç University. Her research examines the interaction between language and thought processes, focusing on first and second language acquisition, event perception, relational and spatial language, neuropsychology of language, and the role of gestures in these processes.
is a Ph.D. candidate at the Tilburg center for Cognition and Communication at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. She received her M.Sc. in Artificial Intelligence from the Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Her Ph.D. focuses on the design of child robot tutor interactions and she is interested in how to keep the children motivated and engaged throughout the different lessons.
is a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of Psychology at Koç University in Istanbul, Turkey. She received her Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology and Neuroscience from Temple University in Philadelphia, PA, USA. Her research examines language as a window into human cognition, using a broad range of methodologies including behavioural measures, eye tracking, EEG, and fMRI. She is interested in language development in infancy and childhood, neural processing of language, and how language and non-linguistic cognition interact.
is a Postdoctoral Associate at Disney Research, Los Angeles, USA. James received his Ph.D. from Plymouth University, UK in 2017 for his work using social robots to tutor children. During his Ph.D., he worked as a Research Assistant on the EU-funded DREAM project and collaborated with the ALIZ-E, and L2TOR projects, focusing on the use of social robots in applications involving children. His research interests lie in Human–Robot Interaction and Socially Intelligent Agents.
is a professor of psychology and the Dean of College of Social Sciences and Humanities in Koç University. She received her Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology in 1997 from the University of California at Berkeley. Her work is on the relation of early communicative and language development to social interaction and cognitive development in bilingual and monolingual children.
is a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Special Education: Cognitive and Motor Disabilities at Utrecht University (the Netherlands). She received her Ph.D. in Pedagogics from Utrecht University. Her research focuses on early language and motor development and the link between the two. She studies how motor development, sensorimotor interactions and early language exposure facilitate the development of (spatial) cognition and (spatial) language. Her work concerns both first and second language acquisition.
is a Reseach Fellow at Centre for Robotics and Neural Systems at the University of Plymouth (UK). He received his Ph.D. in 2012 from the University of Hertfordshire. His research interests lies within Human–Robot interaction, robot engagement, haptic communication, and robot tele-operation.
is a Ph.D. candidate at the Cluster of Excellence for Cognitive Interaction Technology at Bielefeld University in Germany. He also received a Master of Science in Intelligent Systems from Bielefeld University. His Ph.D. research focuses on planning of an adaptive teaching course for second language learning lessons for preschool children. The major aim is the maximization of the learning gain while engagement and motivation are kept high.
is a post-doctoral researcher at the Department of Special Education: Cognitive and Motor Disabilities at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. She received her Ph.D. in 2009 on adult second language acquisition from the Max Planck in Psycholinguistics (Nijmegen) and Free University (Amsterdam). Her research interests are first and second language acquisition, and bilingualism. In her current research, she studies how specific properties of the language input affect acquisition, and how language development in young children relates to more general cognitive development.
is a Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Robotics and Neural Systems at the University of Plymouth (UK). He received a Master of Science in Robotics from the University of Plymouth. His research is on the natural use of spatial concepts by robots, including their use in multiple languages.
is a Researcher at the Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. He received his M.Sc. in Communication and Information Sciences (cum laude) from Tilburg University, the Netherlands. His research interests concern problems related to Natural Language Understanding and data-driven approaches to dialogue modelling. His work within the L2TOR project focuses on the realization of context-aware generation of verbal and non-verbal robot behaviours.
is a Ph.D. candidate at the Tilburg center for Cognition and Communication at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. He received his M.Sc. in Game and Media Technology from Utrecht University and his PDEng in User System Interaction from Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands. He is on a quest to design technology that contributes to society in a fun and light-hearted way. In his Ph.D. research, he is exploring the role of robot-performed gestures in children’s second language learning.
is a lecturer at School of Foreign Languages, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey. She received her Ph.D. (a cotutelle degree) in Linguistics from Macquarie University (Australia) and the University of Potsdam (Germany) in 2015, on acquisition of logical operators by monolingual and bilingual children. Her research focuses on language comprehension and production of bilingual and monolingual children.
is Postdoctoral Researcher at the Cluster of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC) associated with Bielefeld University, Germany. Her research is about the psychological impact of interactive technologies, in particular social robots. She uses quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how humans make sense of artificial others; how they perceive and evaluate them according to specific characteristics like embodiment, morphology or behavior.
is a Professor of Computer Science and head of the Social Cognitive Systems Group at Bielefeld University. He received his Ph.D. in 2004 for work on the synthesis of multimodal communicative behaviour of embodied agents. After a Postdoc at Northwestern University, he was research fellow at Bielefeld’s Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF) and is now principal investigator of the Center of Excellence “Cognitive Interaction Technology” (CITEC). Kopp and his team develop computational accounts of behavioural and cognitive abilities needed to act as a socially intelligent interaction partner. These are embedded in artificial systems like virtual 3D avatars or social robots, which are applied and evaluated in assisted living, industrial, or educational settings.
is a Professor of Language, Cognition and Computation at the Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, where he co-leads the Language, Communication and Cognition research group. He received his Ph.D. in Computational Linguistics in 1995, after which he worked as a postdoc in the Institute for Perception Research at the Eindhoven University of Technology before moving to Tilburg University. In his current work he studies how people communicate with each other, both in text and in speech, with the aim of subsequently improving the way computers communicate with human users. To achieve this, he combines computational modelling and experimental studies with human participants. Much of his research is funded through external grants, including an NWO VICI grant.
is a Ph.D. candidate at Radboud University in the Netherlands. She received her MA in Cognitive Psychology from Bogazici University in Istanbul, Turkey. Her Ph.D. research focuses on the influence of perceptual modality (e.g., sound vs. vision) on gestural representations of spatial events.
is an engineer researcher at SoftBank Robotics Europe. He obtained his Ph.D. from Université Paris-Sud XI in 2013, on the study of autonomous auto-adaptation in swarm robotics. Since then he worked on topics relative to autonomous learning in multi-agent Systems. At SoftBank Robotics Europe, he is looking at the latests trends in Artificial Intelligence in order to transfer them to industrialized robots.
is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Psychology at Koç University in Istanbul, Turkey. She received her M.Sc. degree in Behavioural Science from Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Her research focuses on the factors affecting children’s learning of new information from different technological sources such as electronic books and robots.
is Head Principal Scientist (Chief Scientist) at SoftBank Robotics Europe, Paris, France, also serving as the scientific coordinator and principal investigator of the European Union (EU) collaborative projects of the company. Earlier for 6 years he worked as researcher in Robotics and AI at LAAS-CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research), France. Among other responsibilities, he is also the founding coordinator of Socially Intelligent Robots and Societal Applications (SIRo-SA) Topic Group (TG) of euRobotics. He is also the recipient of the second best Ph.D. thesis (tie) in Robotics in Europe for the prestigious euRobotics Georges Giralt Award.
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