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      Individual Differences in Reward and Somatosensory-Motor Brain Regions Correlate with Adiposity in Adolescents

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          Abstract

          The prevalence of adolescent obesity has increased dramatically over the past three decades, and research has documented that the number of television shows viewed during childhood is associated with greater risk for obesity. In particular, considerable evidence suggests that exposure to food marketing promotes eating habits that contribute to obesity. The present study examines neural responses to dynamic food commercials in overweight and healthy-weight adolescents using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Compared with non-food commercials, food commercials more strongly engaged regions involved in attention and saliency detection (occipital lobe, precuneus, superior temporal gyri, and right insula) and in processing rewards [left and right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)]. Activity in the left OFC and right insula further correlated with subjects' percent body fat at the time of the scan. Interestingly, this reward-related activity to food commercials was accompanied by the additional recruitment of mouth-specific somatosensory-motor cortices—a finding that suggests the intriguing possibility that higher-adiposity adolescents mentally simulate eating behaviors and offers a potential neural mechanism for the formation and reinforcement of unhealthy eating habits that may hamper an individual's ability lose weight later in life.

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          Most cited references41

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          Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body.

          Converging evidence indicates that primates have a distinct cortical image of homeostatic afferent activity that reflects all aspects of the physiological condition of all tissues of the body. This interoceptive system, associated with autonomic motor control, is distinct from the exteroceptive system (cutaneous mechanoreception and proprioception) that guides somatic motor activity. The primary interoceptive representation in the dorsal posterior insula engenders distinct highly resolved feelings from the body that include pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, muscular and visceral sensations, vasomotor activity, hunger, thirst, and 'air hunger'. In humans, a meta-representation of the primary interoceptive activity is engendered in the right anterior insula, which seems to provide the basis for the subjective image of the material self as a feeling (sentient) entity, that is, emotional awareness.
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            Automatically Parcellating the Human Cerebral Cortex

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              Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading.

              V Gallese (1998)
              A new class of visuomotor neuron has been recently discovered in the monkey's premotor cortex: mirror neurons. These neurons respond both when a particular action is performed by the recorded monkey and when the same action, performed by another individual, is observed. Mirror neurons appear to form a cortical system matching observation and execution of goal-related motor actions. Experimental evidence suggests that a similar matching system also exists in humans. What might be the functional role of this matching system? One possible function is to enable an organism to detect certain mental states of observed conspecifics. This function might be part of, or a precursor to, a more general mind-reading ability. Two different accounts of mind-reading have been suggested. According to `theory theory', mental states are represented as inferred posits of a naive theory. According to `simulation theory', other people's mental states are represented by adopting their perspective: by tracking or matching their states with resonant states of one's own. The activity of mirror neurons, and the fact that observers undergo motor facilitation in the same muscular groups as those utilized by target agents, are findings that accord well with simulation theory but would not be predicted by theory theory.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cereb Cortex
                Cereb. Cortex
                cercor
                cercor
                Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)
                Oxford University Press
                1047-3211
                1460-2199
                June 2016
                20 May 2015
                1 June 2017
                : 26
                : 6
                : 2602-2611
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, USA
                [2 ] Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center , Lebanon NH, USA
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Kristina M. Rapuano. Email: kristina.m.rapuano.gr@ 123456dartmouth.edu
                Article
                PMC4869807 PMC4869807 4869807 bhv097
                10.1093/cercor/bhv097
                4869807
                25994961
                bd6c336f-4caf-43b4-9324-8a3f8a2c4b63
                © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com
                History
                Funding
                Funded by: UMass/Dartmouth/Vermont Cancer Centers Collaborative Research Program Grant Initiative
                Funded by: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026
                Award ID: R01DA022582
                Funded by: National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship
                Award ID: DGE-1313911
                Funded by: William H. Neukom 1964 Institute for Computational Science at Dartmouth College
                Categories
                Articles

                obesity,food,fMRI,advertising,action observation
                obesity, food, fMRI, advertising, action observation

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