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      THE TEST OF COMPETING MODELS FOR THE PREHISTORIC PEOPLING OF THE AZAPA VALLEY, NORTHERN CHILE, USING MATRIX CORRELATIONS Translated title: MODELOS ALTERNATIVOS PARA EXPLICAR EL POBLAMIENTO PREHISTÓRICO DEL VALLE DE AZAPA, NORTE DE CHILE , MEDIANTE ANÁLISIS DE CORRELACIÓN DE MATRICES

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          Abstract

          This study reports biodistances from nonmetric dental traits for eleven mortuary samples -an Andean Paleoindian sample, a Tiwanaku sample, and nine from the Azapa Valley- to test three models for the prehistoric population dynamics of the Azapa Valley, Chile, using matrix correlation analysis of hypothetical design matrices. These models include: (1) Tiwanaku colonization during the Middle Period, (2) simple gene flow over time, and (3) a modified gene flow model with coastal groups demonstrating genetic continuity while diverging from valley populations. The Tiwanaku sample demonstrates significant biodistances with five of the nine Azapa Valley samples, and large but nonsignificant differences with all but the late Desarrollo Regional Gentilar sample from Azapa-8. Inland samples from the Azapa Valley generally become more similar to the Tiwanaku sample through time suggesting gene flow, while coastal samples of the region demonstrate a degree of epigenetic coherence. The results of Mantel tests for each of the three design matrices indicates that the Tiwanaku and simple gene flow models produce nonsignificant and low correlations with the biodistance matrix while the gene flow with coastal divergence model produces significant results. The implications of these results are discussed

          Translated abstract

          En este trabajo se analizan distancias biológicas obtenidas de rasgos no-métricos dentales extraídas de once muestras mortuorias -una muestra de paleoindios andinos, otra de Tiwanaku y nueve del valle de Azapa- para poner a prueba tres modelos que expliquen las dinámicas prehistóricas poblacionales en el valle de Azapa, Chile, mediante análisis de correlación de matrices hipotéticas. Estos modelos incluyen: (1) la colonización durante el período Medio por los Tiwanaku, (2) flujo genético a través del tiempo, (3) y un modelo de flujo genético donde los grupos costeros muestran continuidad genética mientras divergen de poblaciones del valle, las cuales reciben flujo genético del altiplano. La muestra de Tiwanaku está separada por distancias biológicas significativas con cinco de las nueve muestras del valle de Azapa, y distancias grandes pero no significativas con las demás muestras, exceptuando la muestra Gentilar del desarrollo regional tardío de Azapa-8. Las muestras del valle se vuelven más similares a la muestra de Tiwanaku a través del tiempo, lo que sugiere flujo genético, mientras que las muestras costeras manifiestan una coherencia epigenética. Los resultados de la prueba de Mantel para cada uno de los tres modelos indica que los modelos de colonización tiwanakoide y de flujo genético no producen resultados significativos, mientras que el modelo de flujo genético con divergencia costera sí lo hace. Se discuten las consecuencias de estos resultados en relación con publicaciones anteriores

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          Most cited references121

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          Excavation in Northern Chile

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            Chinchorro Bioarchaeology: Chronology and Mummy Seriation

            The Chinchorros were a preceramic fishing society that inhabited the Atacama coast of southern Peru and northern Chile from about 7020 to 1110 B. C., and their antiquity is much greater than originally thought. Previous Chinchorro chronologies have focused on seriation of fishing implements; this paper suggests analysis of mummies as another useful chronological tool. The Chinchorro system of artificial mummification, the oldest in the world, began about 5050 B. C, and was abandoned about 1720 B. C. Black, Red, Bandage, Mud-Coated, and Natural mummification styles represent diachronic cultural changes. In contrast to previous views, I argue here that the sophisticated Chinchorro mortuary practices originated locally, near Arica, specifically in the Camarones Gorge. The high concentration of cemeteries, high mortuary energy expenditure, presence of villages, and heavy reliance on maritime subsistence, as inferred from mummies, artifacts and human bone analyses, are all indicators that the Chinchorros were an early sedentary maritime society. The ideological complexity and antiquity of settlement of the Andean coast therefore need reappraisal.
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              Matrix correlation analysis in anthropology and genetics

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                chungara
                Chungará (Arica)
                Chungará (Arica)
                Universidad de Tarapacá<br>Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas<br> (Arica )
                0717-7356
                June 2006
                : 38
                : 1
                : 63-82
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Indiana Purdue University U.S.A.
                Article
                S0717-73562006000100007
                10.4067/S0717-73562006000100007
                bd760347-598c-4e67-9352-faedadc312e5

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0717-7356&lng=en
                Categories
                ANTHROPOLOGY

                Anthropology
                Biodistance analysis,skeletal remains,matrix correlation,análisis de distancias biológicas,restos esqueletales,análisis de correlación de matrices

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