Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 vaccines

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the adaptive immune system, including CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, and long‐lasting antibody responses. Extraordinary progress has been made in understanding memory to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 vaccines, addressing development; quantitative and qualitative features of different cellular and anatomical compartments; and durability of each cellular component and antibodies. Given the sophistication of the measurements; the size of the human studies; the use of longitudinal samples and cross‐sectional studies; and head‐to‐head comparisons between infection and vaccines or between multiple vaccines, the understanding of immune memory for 1 year to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and vaccines already supersedes that of any other acute infectious disease. This knowledge may help inform public policies regarding COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccines, as well as the scientific development of future vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2 and other diseases.

Related collections

Most cited references 238

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine

Fernando P Polack, Stephen J. Thomas, Nicholas R.E. Kitchin … (2023)

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have afflicted tens of millions of people in a worldwide pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are needed urgently. Methods In an ongoing multinational, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, pivotal efficacy trial, we randomly assigned persons 16 years of age or older in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses, 21 days apart, of either placebo or the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate (30 μg per dose). BNT162b2 is a lipid nanoparticle–formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine that encodes a prefusion stabilized, membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein. The primary end points were efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and safety. Results A total of 43,548 participants underwent randomization, of whom 43,448 received injections: 21,720 with BNT162b2 and 21,728 with placebo. There were 8 cases of Covid-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose among participants assigned to receive BNT162b2 and 162 cases among those assigned to placebo; BNT162b2 was 95% effective in preventing Covid-19 (95% credible interval, 90.3 to 97.6). Similar vaccine efficacy (generally 90 to 100%) was observed across subgroups defined by age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline body-mass index, and the presence of coexisting conditions. Among 10 cases of severe Covid-19 with onset after the first dose, 9 occurred in placebo recipients and 1 in a BNT162b2 recipient. The safety profile of BNT162b2 was characterized by short-term, mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and was similar in the vaccine and placebo groups. Conclusions A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 conferred 95% protection against Covid-19 in persons 16 years of age or older. Safety over a median of 2 months was similar to that of other viral vaccines. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.)

0 comments Cited 6911 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application

Stephen A. Lauer, Kyra Grantz, Qifang Bi … (2020)

Background: A novel human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in China in December 2019. There is limited support for many of its key epidemiologic features, including the incubation period for clinical disease (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]), which has important implications for surveillance and control activities. Objective: To estimate the length of the incubation period of COVID-19 and describe its public health implications. Design: Pooled analysis of confirmed COVID-19 cases reported between 4 January 2020 and 24 February 2020. Setting: News reports and press releases from 50 provinces, regions, and countries outside Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Participants: Persons with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection outside Hubei province, China. Measurements: Patient demographic characteristics and dates and times of possible exposure, symptom onset, fever onset, and hospitalization. Results: There were 181 confirmed cases with identifiable exposure and symptom onset windows to estimate the incubation period of COVID-19. The median incubation period was estimated to be 5.1 days (95% CI, 4.5 to 5.8 days), and 97.5% of those who develop symptoms will do so within 11.5 days (CI, 8.2 to 15.6 days) of infection. These estimates imply that, under conservative assumptions, 101 out of every 10 000 cases (99th percentile, 482) will develop symptoms after 14 days of active monitoring or quarantine. Limitation: Publicly reported cases may overrepresent severe cases, the incubation period for which may differ from that of mild cases. Conclusion: This work provides additional evidence for a median incubation period for COVID-19 of approximately 5 days, similar to SARS. Our results support current proposals for the length of quarantine or active monitoring of persons potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2, although longer monitoring periods might be justified in extreme cases. Primary Funding Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

0 comments Cited 2597 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19

Xi. He, Eric Lau, Peng Wu … (2020)

We report temporal patterns of viral shedding in 94 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and modeled COVID-19 infectiousness profiles from a separate sample of 77 infector-infectee transmission pairs. We observed the highest viral load in throat swabs at the time of symptom onset, and inferred that infectiousness peaked on or before symptom onset. We estimated that 44% (95% confidence interval, 25-69%) of secondary cases were infected during the index cases' presymptomatic stage, in settings with substantial household clustering, active case finding and quarantine outside the home. Disease control measures should be adjusted to account for probable substantial presymptomatic transmission.

0 comments Cited 2147 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Contributors

Shane Crotty:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6484-6262

shane@lji.org

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Immunol Rev

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Immunol Rev

Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1600-065X

Journal ID (publisher-id): IMR

Title: Immunological Reviews

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Print): 0105-2896

ISSN (Electronic): 1600-065X

Publication date (Electronic): 22 June 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 22 June 2022

Electronic Location Identifier: 10.1111/imr.13089

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) La Jolla California USA

[ ² ] Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego (UCSD) La Jolla California USA

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence

Shane Crotty, Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Email: shane@ 123456lji.org

Author information

Shane Crotty https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6484-6262

Article

Publisher ID: IMR13089 Other ID: IMR-2022-021

DOI: 10.1111/imr.13089

PMC ID: 9349657

PubMed ID: 35733376

SO-VID: bdadf447-3ae9-4858-9d40-d1f1daf132b8

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

History

Date received : 16 October 2021

Date accepted : 04 May 2022

Page count

Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Pages: 20, Words: 17291

Funding

Funded by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , doi 10.13039/100000060;

Award ID: AI142742

Award ID: AI144462

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

edited-state corrected-proof

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.7 mode:remove_FC converted:04.08.2022

Keywords: adenoviral vectors,coronavirus,hybrid immunity,memory b cells,memory t cells,mrna vaccines,natural immunity,protein vaccine

Data availability:

Keywords: adenoviral vectors, coronavirus, hybrid immunity, memory b cells, memory t cells, mrna vaccines, natural immunity, protein vaccine

Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 vaccines

Read this article at

Abstract

Related collections

Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 238

Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine

The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application

Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19

Author and article information

Contributors

Journal

Affiliations

Author notes

Author information

Article

History

Page count

Funding

Categories

Custom metadata

Comments

Comment on this article

Similar content 431

Cited by 71

Most referenced authors 10,279