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      Papel do médico de família no diagnóstico e acompanhamento da paralisia supranuclear progressiva: um relato de caso Translated title: Role of the family physician in the diagnosis and surveillance of progressive supranuclear palsy: a case report

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          Abstract

          Resumo Introdução: A paralisia supranuclear progressiva (PSP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa, cuja prevalência é de 2-7 casos/100.000 indivíduos. No entanto, dado o desafio diagnóstico, prevê-se que estes dados estejam subestimados e que muitos doentes não cheguem a ser diagnosticados. Descrição do caso: Mulher de 69 anos, com hipertensão arterial e hipotiroidismo controlados, recorreu em dezembro/2018 a consulta aberta na sua USF por se sentir triste, com choro fácil e com falta de iniciativa associado a episódios de ansiedade. Pela presunção do diagnóstico de depressão iniciou sertralina. Em janeiro/2019, em consulta programada, o seu MF detetou um discurso pouco fluente e lentificação psicomotora, facto que a doente não reconhecia como um problema. Após exclusão de causas identificáveis e reversíveis que justificassem o quadro clínico decidiu-se fazer uma referenciação aos cuidados de saúde hospitalares de neurologia. Em março, em neurologia, foi identificada a presença de disartria e de reflexos osteotendinosos ligeiramente vivos, interpretados em provável contexto de uma doença neuromuscular, que foi posteriormente descartada pela eletromiografia, ressonância magnética cerebral e estudo analítico normais. Em junho, a doente acrescentava dificuldades executivas e de escrita e destacava-se a presença de apraxia e disfunção frontal, pelo que se colocou em hipótese a presença de uma doença neurodegenerativa, identificada como possível afasia progressiva primária por uma avaliação neuropsicológica. No entanto, em janeiro/2020 verificou-se um agravamento dos sintomas prévios, foi descrita a presença de quedas ocasionais não provocadas e identificou-se uma discreta limitação do olhar vertical superior que se associou finalmente ao diagnóstico definitivo de PSP. Atualmente a doente é seguida pelo seu MF no que respeita ao seu tratamento paliativo e apoio psicológico à doente e respetiva família. Comentário: O MF é responsável pela prestação de cuidados continuados longitudinalmente ao doente, assim como pela gestão da doença que se apresenta de forma indiferenciada numa fase precoce da sua história natural, características que colocam o MF numa posição privilegiada para diagnosticar, acompanhar, intervir e referenciar nas situações como a que é apresentada no presente caso clínico.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease, with a prevalence of 2-7 cases/100,000 individuals. However, these data are likely to be underestimated and many patients remain undiagnosed due to diagnostic challenges. Case description: In December 2018, a 69-year-old woman with hypertension and hypothyroidism went to an open consultation at her family health unit for being sad, tearful, and unwilling to start any activity associated with an anxiety crisis. As depression was suspected, it was decided to start her on sertraline. In January 2019, at a scheduled appointment, her family doctor (FD) noted a poorly fluent speech with psychomotor slowing, which the patient did not recognize as a problem. It was decided to make a referral to neurology after excluding identifiable and reversible causes that would justify the clinical picture. In March, at the neurology consultation, the presence of dysarthria and slightly hyperactive osteotendinous reflexes were noted and interpreted in the probable context of a neuromuscular disease, which was later ruled out by normal electromyogra-phy, brain magnetic resonance, and analytical study. In June, executive and writing difficulties were added and the presence of apraxia and frontal dysfunction was highlighted. Because of this, the presence of a neurodegenerative disease was hypothesized and a neuropsychological assessment identified a possible primary progressive aphasia. However, in January 2020, there was an exacerbation of previous symptoms and the presence of occasional unprovoked falls, and a slight limitation of the superior vertical gaze was noted, which was finally associated with the definitive diagnosis of PSP. The patient is currently being followed by her FD for palliative care and psychological support for the patient and her family. Comment: The FD is responsible for the longitudinal continuity of the patient's care, as well as for the management of the disease, which presents in an undifferentiated manner, at an early stage of its natural history, characteristics that place the FD in a privileged position to diagnose, monitor, intervene and refer in situations such as the one presented in this clinical case.

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          Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: The movement disorder society criteria.

          PSP is a neuropathologically defined disease entity. Clinical diagnostic criteria, published in 1996 by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Society for PSP, have excellent specificity, but their sensitivity is limited for variant PSP syndromes with presentations other than Richardson's syndrome.
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            Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism.

            The clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) relies on the identification of characteristic signs and symptoms. A proportion of pathologically diagnosed cases do not develop these classic features, prove difficult to diagnose during life and are considered as atypical PSP. The aim of this study was to examine the apparent clinical dichotomy between typical and atypical PSP, and to compare the biochemical and genetic characteristics of these groups. In 103 consecutive cases of pathologically confirmed PSP, we have identified two clinical phenotypes by factor analysis which we have named Richardson's syndrome (RS) and PSP-parkinsonism (PSP-P). Cases of RS syndrome made up 54% of all cases, and were characterized by the early onset of postural instability and falls, supranuclear vertical gaze palsy and cognitive dysfunction. A second group of 33 (32%) were characterized by asymmetric onset, tremor, a moderate initial therapeutic response to levodopa and were frequently confused with Parkinson's disease (PSP-P). Fourteen cases (14%) could not be separated according to these criteria. In RS, two-thirds of cases were men, whereas the sex distribution in PSP-P was even. Disease duration in RS was significantly shorter (5.9 versus 9.1 years, P < 0.001) and age at death earlier (72.1 versus 75.5 years, P = 0.01) than in PSP-P. The isoform composition of insoluble tangle-tau isolated from the basal pons also differed significantly. In RS, the mean four-repeat:three-repeat tau ratio was 2.84 and in PSP-P it was 1.63 (P < 0.003). The effect of the H1,H1 PSP susceptibility genotype appeared stronger in RS than in PSP-P (odds ratio 13.2 versus 4.5). The difference in genotype frequencies between the clinical subgroups was not significant. There were no differences in apolipoprotein E genotypes. The classic clinical description of PSP, which includes supranuclear gaze palsy, early falls and dementia, does not adequately describe one-third of cases in this series of pathologically confirmed cases. We propose that PSP-P represents a second discrete clinical phenotype that needs to be clinically distinguished from classical PSP (RS). The different tau isoform deposition in the basal pons suggests that this may ultimately prove to be a discrete nosological entity.
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              PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY. A HETEROGENEOUS DEGENERATION INVOLVING THE BRAIN STEM, BASAL GANGLIA AND CEREBELLUM WITH VERTICAL GAZE AND PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY, NUCHAL DYSTONIA AND DEMENTIA.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpmgf
                Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar
                Rev Port Med Geral Fam
                Associação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                2182-5173
                June 2024
                : 40
                : 3
                : 306-312
                Affiliations
                [1] Espinho orgnameACeS Espinho/Gaia orgdiv1USF Anta Portugal
                [2] Porto orgnameUniversidade do Porto orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Portugal
                [3] Espinho orgnameACeS Espinho/Gaia orgdiv1USF Anta Portugal
                [4] Santa Maria da Feira orgnameCentro Hospitalar Entre Douro e Vouga Portugal
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-4304
                Article
                S2182-51732024000300306 S2182-5173(24)04000300306
                10.32385/rpmgf.v40i3.13314
                bdb85cad-809e-4767-bd55-6847055ce540

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 July 2021
                : 30 October 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 11, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Categories
                Relatos de Casos

                Oftalmoplegia supranuclear,Disartria,Paralisia supranuclear progressiva,Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia,Dysarthria,Progressive supranuclear palsy,Neurodegenerative disease,Doença neurodegenerativa

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