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      HIERRO Y ZINC EN LA DIETA DE LA POBLACION DE SANTIAGO Translated title: IRON AND ZINC IN THE DIET OF THE POPULATION OF SANTIAGO

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          Abstract

          La deficiencia de hierro y de zinc son las carencia nutricionales más prevalente a nivel mundial. En Chile, sólo las mujeres en edad fértil y embarazadas presentan prevalencias de anemia por deficiencia de hierro significativas. En contraste, la mayoría de los grupos poblacionales presentan riesgos de deficiencia de zinc. Además, en nuestro país, que está en la etapa de transición epidemiológica, coexisten las deficiencias de microminerales con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la obesidad. La deficiencia de hierro y/o zinc pueden prevenirse mediante modificaciones de la dieta, enriquecimiento de los alimentos con estos nutrientes o suplementación con estos minerales. La fortificación de los alimentos es el método más práctico y sustentable de prevenir estas deficiencias en la población. La fortificación puede estar dirigida a toda la población (universal), a grupos de la población (focalizada) o voluntaria en la cual, la industria agrega micronutrientes a alimentos procesados para añadir valor agregado a los productos. Es recomendable que los alimentos a fortificar no contengan altos niveles de carbohidratos refinados para evitar un aumento del consumo de calorías vacías. Los alimentos más utilizados para la fortificación son las leches, cereales y harina de trigo. Recientemente se ha demostrado la eficacia de la fortificación voluntaria de alimentos derivados de la leche, cereales de desayuno y de bebidas analcohólicas no carbonatadas baja en calorías. Este último vehículo podría resultar ser una alternativa para aumentar el aporte de zinc a nuestra población y de hierro en grupos a riesgo como lo es la mujer en edad fértil

          Translated abstract

          Iron and zinc deficiency are the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide. In Chile, only women of fertile age and pregnant women present significant prevalences of iron deficiency anemia. On the contrary, the majority of the population is at risk of zinc deficiency. Furthermore, our country is experiencing an epidemiological transition, in which micromineral deficiencies and chronic non-communicable diseases such as obesity coexist simultaneously. Iron and/or zinc deficiencies could be prevented by dietary improvement, food fortification or supplementation. Food fortification is considered the most practical and sustainable way of preventing micromineral deficiencies. Fortification could be addressed to the entire population (universal), to high risk groups (targeted) or voluntary, in which food producers add micronutrients to processed foods to increase the nutritional value of the products. It is recommended that the foods to be fortified do not contain high amounts of refined carbohydrates so as to prevent an increase in the intake of empty calories. Recently, the efficacy of the voluntary fortification of dairy products, breakfast cereals and non-carbonated non-alcoholic beverages has been demonstrated. These last vehicles may be an alternative to increase zinc intake in our population as well as iron intake in high risk groups such as women of fertile age

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          Most cited references81

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          Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome.

          This article reviews current knowledge of the effects of maternal anemia and iron deficiency on pregnancy outcome. A considerable amount of information remains to be learned about the benefits of maternal iron supplementation on the health and iron status of the mother and her child during pregnancy and postpartum. Current knowledge indicates that iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm delivery and subsequent low birth weight, and possibly for inferior neonatal health. Data are inadequate to determine the extent to which maternal anemia might contribute to maternal mortality. Even for women who enter pregnancy with reasonable iron stores, iron supplements improve iron status during pregnancy and for a considerable length of time postpartum, thus providing some protection against iron deficiency in the subsequent pregnancy. Mounting evidence indicates that maternal iron deficiency in pregnancy reduces fetal iron stores, perhaps well into the first year of life. This deserves further exploration because of the tendency of infants to develop iron deficiency anemia and because of the documented adverse consequences of this condition on infant development. The weight of evidence supports the advisability of routine iron supplementation during pregnancy.
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            Function and mechanism of zinc metalloenzymes.

            Zinc is required for the activity of > 300 enzymes, covering all six classes of enzymes. Zinc binding sites in proteins are often distorted tetrahedral or trigonal bipyramidal geometry, made up of the sulfur of cysteine, the nitrogen of histidine or the oxygen of aspartate and glutamate, or a combination. Zinc in proteins can either participate directly in chemical catalysis or be important for maintaining protein structure and stability. In all catalytic sites, the zinc ion functions as a Lewis acid. Researchers in our laboratory are dissecting the determinants of molecular recognition and catalysis in the zinc-binding site of carbonic anhydrase. These studies demonstrate that the chemical nature of the direct ligands and the structure of the surrounding hydrogen bond network are crucial for both the activity of carbonic anhydrase and the metal ion affinity of the zinc-binding site. An understanding of naturally occurring zinc-binding sites will aid in creating de novo zinc-binding proteins and in designing new metal sites in existing proteins for novel purposes such as to serve as metal ion biosensors.
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              Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter.

              Metal ions are essential cofactors for a wealth of biological processes, including oxidative phosphorylation, gene regulation and free-radical homeostasis. Failure to maintain appropriate levels of metal ions in humans is a feature of hereditary haemochromatosis, disorders of metal-ion deficiency, and certain neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their pivotal physiological roles, however, there is no molecular information on how metal ions are actively absorbed by mammalian cells. We have now identified a new metal-ion transporter in the rat, DCT1, which has an unusually broad substrate range that includes Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+. DCT1 mediates active transport that is proton-coupled and depends on the cell membrane potential. It is a 561-amino-acid protein with 12 putative membrane-spanning domains and is ubiquitously expressed, most notably in the proximal duodenum. DCT1 is upregulated by dietary iron deficiency, and may represent a key mediator of intestinal iron absorption. DCT1 is a member of the 'natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein' (Nramp) family and thus its properties provide insight into how these proteins confer resistance to pathogens.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rchnut
                Revista chilena de nutrición
                Rev. chil. nutr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología (Santiago, , Chile )
                0717-7518
                April 2005
                : 32
                : 1
                : 19-27
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) orgdiv2Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Nutricional y Genética Chile
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) orgdiv2Laboratorio de Micronutrientes Chile
                Article
                S0717-75182005000100002 S0717-7518(05)03200100002
                10.4067/S0717-75182005000100002
                bdb9be8d-6163-4ac3-a465-302749ef1373

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 81, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTICULOS DE ACTUALIZACION

                Hierro,zinc,fortificación,obesidad,micronutrientes,iron,fortification,obesity,micronutrients

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