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      Role of 3D-CT for orthodontic and ENT evaluation in Goldenhar syndrome Translated title: Ruolo della TC-3D nella valutazione ortodontica e ORL della sindrome di Goldenhar

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          SUMMARY

          Goldenhar syndrome is a congenital condition that includes anomalies of the derivatives of the first and second brachial arches, vertebral defects and ocular abnormalities. It is also known as oculo-auriculo-vertebrale syndrome (OAVS), hemifacial microsomia, or first or second brachial arch syndrome. It was first described by Van Duyse in 1882 and better studied by M. Goldenhar in 1952. Its treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach. Herein, we describe the value of 3D-CT evaluation in a patient with Goldenhar syndrome, with particular regard to planning diagnostic and therapeutic approach. A 7-year-old boy with Goldenhar syndrome with definite post-natal genetic diagnosis was referred to our Department of Radiology for neuroimaging of the temporal bone. By 3D-CT evaluation of this young patient we observed the asymmetry of the condyles with the right one dysmorphic, short and wide; the auricle of the right ear was replaced by a dysmorphic rough; the right middle ear had a hypoplastic tympanic cavity and the internal auditory canal of right ear was atresic. In our experience, 3D-CT is a powerful diagnostic instrument and offers many advantages: volumetric reproduction of cranium and soft tissues, no overlap of anatomic parts that limits the visibility of various structures, high precision and assurance of images, and a constant and easily reproducible reference system. In our case, 3D-CT offered a very complete evaluation of all malformations of mandibular and temporal bone that characterize this syndrome and representing an important step for ENT and orthodontic therapeutic approaches.

          RIASSUNTO

          La sindrome di Goldenhar è una condizione congenita associata a difetti di sviluppo del primo e secondo arco branchiale, anomalie oculari e vertebrali. Possono essere associate anche anomalie cardiache, renali e del sistema nervoso centrale. Anche conosciuta come Sindrome oculo-auriculo-vertebrale, microsomia emifacciale o sindrome del primo e secondo arco branchiale. Fu descritta per la prima volta da Van Duyse nel 1882 e successivamente studiato da M. Goldenhar nel 1952 in modo più dettagliato. Il suo trattamento richiede un approccio multidisciplinare. Nel presente articolo si descrive il valore della TC-3D in un giovane paziente con sindrome di Goldenhar, con particolare riferimento alla diagnosi e alla pianificazione dell'approccio terapeutico. Un paziente di 7 anni con diagnosi postnatale geneticamente confermata di sindrome di Goldenhar è stato sottoposto a TC-3D presso il dipartimento di radiologia del nostro Policlinico. La valutazione radiologica ha consentito di mettere in evidenza l'asimmetria dei condili mandibolari (il destro appariva dismorfico, corto e largo), il padiglione dell'orecchio omolaterale sostituito da un rudimento dismorfico, l'orecchio medio di destra presentava una cavità timpanica ipoplasica con condotto uditivo interno atresico. Secondo la nostra esperienza la TC-3D rappresenta un potente strumento di diagnosi e offre molti vantaggi consentendo una precisa rappresentazione volumetrica dei tessuti del cranio e dei tessuti molli senza sovrapposizione di parti anatomiche garantendo un'elevata precisione delle immagini. Nel nostro caso la TC-3D offre una rappresentazione completa di tutte le malformazioni sia mandibolari che dell'osso temporale che caratterizzano la Sindrome di Gholdenar presupposto fondamentale per la pianificazione dell'approccio terapeutico ortodontico e otorinolaringoiatrico.

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          Most cited references18

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          Infant hearing loss: from diagnosis to therapy Official Report of XXI Conference of Italian Society of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

          SUMMARY Hearing loss is one of the most common disabilities and has lifelong consequences for affected children and their families. Both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) may be caused by a wide variety of congenital and acquired factors. Its early detection, together with appropriate intervention, is critical to speech, language and cognitive development in hearing-impaired children. In the last two decades, the application of universal neonatal hearing screening has improved identification of hearing loss early in life and facilitates early intervention. Developments in molecular medicine, genetics and neuroscience have improved the aetiological classification of hearing loss. Once deafness is established, a systematic approach to determining the cause is best undertaken within a dedicated multidisciplinary setting. This review addresses the innovative evidences on aetiology and management of deafness in children, including universal neonatal screening, advances in genetic diagnosis and the contribution of neuroimaging. Finally, therapy remains a major challenge in management of paediatric SNHL. Current approaches are represented by hearing aids and cochlear implants. However, recent advances in basic medicine which are identifying the mechanisms of cochlear damage and defective genes causing deafness, may represent the basis for novel therapeutic targets including implantable devices, auditory brainstem implants and cell therapy.
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            Three-dimensional computed tomography landmark measurement in craniofacial surgical planning: experimental validation in vitro.

            This study evaluated the measurement accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) volumetric images from spiral computed tomography (CT) in vitro. The study sample consisted of nine cadaver heads that were submitted to an impact force by a special device to promote blunt traumatic craniofacial fractures. The heads were subsequently scanned by a spiral CT scanner (Toshiba Xpress S/X). The archived CT data were transferred to networked computer workstations (Sun Microsystems with Cemax VIP version 1.4 software) to generate 3D volumetric images. The visualization software was used to make interactive linear measurements on the 3D images. Measurements were made on the images twice by two observers, based on conventional craniofacial anatomic landmarks. The soft tissues were subsequently removed, and the same measurements were repeated on the cadaver heads with an electromagnetic digitizer (3 Space, Polhemus, Colchester, VT). The results showed no statistically significant differences between the 3D-CT and the physical measurements, with P>.05 for all measurements. The mean difference between the image and real measurements was less than 2 mm in all instances. It is concluded that measurement of the skull and facial bone landmarks by 3D reconstruction is quantitatively accurate for surgical planning and treatment evaluation of craniofacial fractures.
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              Hemifacial microsomia and variants: pedigree data.

              Ear malformations occur per se or together with other congenital anomalies. Many syndromes with ear malformations have been described. We have studied propositi with hemifacial microsomia (HFM) or Goldenhar syndrome (GS), also called oculoauriculovertebral "dysplasia" (OAV). In addition to ear malformations some individuals may have a small and/or malformed mandible, epibulbar, or conjunctival lipodermoids and anomalies of the cervical spine. Other malformations may also be seen. At present, the cause of these disorders is unclear. Here we present pedigree data on 97 propositi, 44 of whom had a family history of the same or similar anomaly. First-degree relatives were most often affected (35/433, 8%). Of 176 sibs tabulated, 11 (6%) were considered affected. The pattern of occurrence in many families suggested multifactorial determination, although other interpretations are possible. The occurrence of differing anomalies within a family suggests that the disorders constitute a single entity. The most frequent anomaly was a mild ear malformation (preauricular node or tag). This suggests a broad phenotypic spectrum. These data are useful for purposes of genetic counseling.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Pacini
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore SpA
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                August 2014
                : 34
                : 4
                : 283-287
                Affiliations
                Department of head and neck surgery, Catholic University A. Gemelli Roma, Italy;
                [1 ] Department of radiology, Catholic University A.Gemelli Roma, Italy
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Sabina Saccomanno, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Orthodontics, Catholic University of Medicine and Surgery, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma. E-mail: sabinasaccomanno@ 123456hotmail.it
                Article
                Pacini
                4157534
                25210224
                bdd6a4cb-0ee7-4f4d-8314-a21734b92dea
                © Copyright by Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 31 January 2011
                : 15 May 2011
                Categories
                Case Series and Reports

                Otolaryngology
                goldenhar syndrome,3d-ct,facial asymmetry
                Otolaryngology
                goldenhar syndrome, 3d-ct, facial asymmetry

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