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      Effects of different antidepressant treatments on the core of depression Translated title: Efectos de diwersos tratamientos antidepresivos en io nuclear de la depresión Translated title: Effets de différents traitements antidépresseurs sur la dépression majeure

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          Abstract

          Core symptoms of depression are a combination of psychological and somatic symptoms, often combined with psychomotor and cognitive disturbances. Diagnostic classification of depression including the concepts of melancholic, endogenous, or severe depression describe severely depressed patients suffering from most of the core symptoms, together with clinical characteristics of a cyclic unipolar or bipolar course, lower placebo response rates, higher response rates to electroconvulsive therapy, to antidepressant treatments with dually or mixed modes of action, or to lithium augmentation. Higher rates ofhypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and specific electroencephalograph patterns have also been shown in this patient group. Summarizing the symptomatology of depression in these patients, a broad overlap between the abovementioned subgroups can be suggested. Because the positive diagnosis of those core symptoms of depression may include clinical consequences, it would be of use to integrate all the mentioned concepts in the upcoming new versions of the diagnostic systems DSM-V and ICD-11.

          Translated abstract

          Los síntomas nucleares de la depresión son una combinación de síntomas psicológicos y somáticos que a menudo se asocian con alteraciones psicomotoras y cognitivas. La clasificación diagnóstica de la depresión, que incluye conceptos de melancolía, endogeneidad o gravedad, describe pacientes con cuadros graves que presentan la mayoría de los síntomas nucleares; junto con las características clínicas de un curso cíclico unipolar o bipolar, una baja frecuencia de respuesta a placebo, y una alta respuesta a la terapia electroconvulsiva, a los tratamientos con antidepresivos con mecanismos de acción dual o mixta y a la potenciación con litio. En este grupo de pacientes también se ha observado una alta frecuencia de hiperactividad del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal y patrones electroencefalográficos específicos. Al resumir la sintomatología de la depresión en estos pacientes se puede sugerir un amplio traslape entre los subgrupos previamente mencionados. Dado que el diagnóstico positivo de los síntomas nucleares de la depresión puede implicar consecuencias clínicas, sería útil integrar todos los conceptos mencionados en las próximas nuevas versiones de los sistemas diagnósticos del DSM-V y de la CIE-11.

          Translated abstract

          Les symptômes majeurs de dépression sont une association de symptômes psychologiques etsomatiques, souvent combinés à des troubles psychomoteurs et cognitifs. La classification diagnostique de la dépression mélancolique, endogène ou sévère, décrit des patients sévèrement déprimés, présentant la plupart des symptômes majeurs, avec des caractères cliniques uni- ou bipolaires, des taux de réponses plus faibles au placebo, plus élevés à la sismothérapie et aux traitements antidépresseurs (modes d'action doubles ou mixtes) ou à la potentiaiisation par le lithium. Dans ce groupe de patients, il a été aussi observé des taux plus élevés d'hyperactivité de l'axe hypothaiamohypophysaire et des tracés électroencéphalographiques spécifiques. En résumant la symptomatologie dépressive de ces patients, les sous-groupes mentionnés ci-dessus peuvent largement se chevaucher. Le diagnostic positif de ces symptômes majeurs de dépression pouvant avoir des conséquences cliniques, les versions à venir des outils diagnostiques DSM-V et ICD-11 devraient intégrer toutes les notions décrites ici.

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          A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders.

          There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that stress decreases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in limbic structures that control mood and that antidepressant treatment reverses or blocks the effects of stress. Decreased levels of BDNF, as well as other neurotrophic factors, could contribute to the atrophy of certain limbic structures, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex that has been observed in depressed subjects. Conversely, the neurotrophic actions of antidepressants could reverse neuronal atrophy and cell loss and thereby contribute to the therapeutic actions of these treatments. This review provides a critical examination of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression that has evolved from this work, including analysis of preclinical cellular (adult neurogenesis) and behavioral models of depression and antidepressant actions, as well as clinical neuroimaging and postmortem studies. Although there are some limitations, the results of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that decreased expression of BDNF and possibly other growth factors contributes to depression and that upregulation of BDNF plays a role in the actions of antidepressant treatment.
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              Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders.

              Neuroimaging studies of major depression have identified neurophysiologic abnormalities in multiple areas of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and related parts of the striatum and thalamus. Some of these abnormalities appear mood state-dependent and are located in regions where cerebral blood flow increases during normal and other pathologic emotional states. These neurophysiologic differences between depressives and control subjects may thus implicate areas where physiologic activity changes to mediate or respond to the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations of major depressive episodes. Other abnormalities persist following symptom remission, and are found in orbital and medial prefrontal cortex areas where postmortem studies demonstrate reductions in cortex volume and histopathologic changes in primary mood disorders. These areas appear to modulate emotional behavior and stress responses, based upon evidence from brain mapping, lesion analysis, and electrophysiologic studies of humans and/or experimental animals. Dysfunction involving these regions is thus hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. Taken together, these findings implicate interconnected neural circuits in which pathologic patterns of neurotransmission may result in the emotional, motivational, cognitive, and behavioral manifestations of primary and secondary affective disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Depts of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
                Depts of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
                Depts of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                September 2008
                : 10
                : 3
                : 309-320
                Affiliations
                Depts of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
                Depts of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
                Depts of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
                Author notes
                Article
                3181885
                18979944
                bdd7e136-edaf-477b-8fde-f7c8f9541fd4
                Copyright: © 2008 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Pharmacological Aspects

                Neurosciences
                electroconvulsive therapy,antidepressant treatment,pharmacological treatment,melancholia,depression

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