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      The Macrofungi Collection Consortium

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          Abstract

          Premise of the Study

          The Macrofungi Collection Consortium (Ma CC) is a digitization project funded by the National Science Foundation's Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections program. The main scientific objective of the Ma CC project was to provide baseline data for determining the extent and distribution of macrofungal diversity.

          Methods and Results

          Between 2012 and 2017, 39 participating institutions digitized approximately 1,250,000 specimens of macrofungi from U.S. herbaria. These newly digitized data, combined with existing data and contributions from the Microfungi Collections Consortium, have created a database of approximately 3.4 million specimen records that are shared online through MyCoPortal, a Symbiota‐based data portal. In addition to the digitized herbarium specimen data, MyCoPortal also contains descriptions, illustrations, and observational records.

          Discussion

          The database of digitized specimen data created through this project is a resource for both amateur and professional mycologists. The data provided through MyCoPortal will provide a foundation for a comprehensive Mycoflora of North America. Such a project is now under development as a collaboration between the professional and amateur mycological communities, with the goal of documenting the macrofungi of North America with gene sequences as well as phenotypic descriptions and images.

          Related collections

          Most cited references15

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          Sequence-based classification and identification of Fungi.

          Fungal taxonomy and ecology have been revolutionized by the application of molecular methods and both have increasing connections to genomics and functional biology. However, data streams from traditional specimen- and culture-based systematics are not yet fully integrated with those from metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies, which limits understanding of the taxonomic diversity and metabolic properties of fungal communities. This article reviews current resources, needs, and opportunities for sequence-based classification and identification (SBCI) in fungi as well as related efforts in prokaryotes. To realize the full potential of fungal SBCI it will be necessary to make advances in multiple areas. Improvements in sequencing methods, including long-read and single-cell technologies, will empower fungal molecular ecologists to look beyond ITS and current shotgun metagenomics approaches. Data quality and accessibility will be enhanced by attention to data and metadata standards and rigorous enforcement of policies for deposition of data and workflows. Taxonomic communities will need to develop best practices for molecular characterization in their focal clades, while also contributing to globally useful datasets including ITS. Changes to nomenclatural rules are needed to enable validPUBLICation of sequence-based taxon descriptions. Finally, cultural shifts are necessary to promote adoption of SBCI and to accord professional credit to individuals who contribute to community resources.
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            Rapid and recent changes in fungal fruiting patterns.

            Information on responses of higher organisms to climate change is dominated by events in spring. Far less is known about autumnal events and virtually nothing about communities of microorganisms. We analyzed autumnal fruiting patterns of macrofungi over the past 56 years and found that average first fruiting date of 315 species is earlier, while last fruiting date is later. Fruiting of mycorrhizal species that associate with both deciduous and coniferous trees is delayed in deciduous, but not in coniferous, forests. Many species are now fruiting twice a year, indicating increased mycelial activity and possibly greater decay rates in ecosystems.
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              Invasive belowground mutualists of woody plants

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                bthiers@nybg.org
                Journal
                Appl Plant Sci
                Appl Plant Sci
                10.1002/(ISSN)2168-0450
                APS3
                Applications in Plant Sciences
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2168-0450
                24 February 2018
                February 2018
                : 6
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/aps3.2018.6.issue-2 )
                : e1021
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Research and Conservation Division New York Botanical Garden Bronx New York 10458 USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Author for correspondence: bthiers@ 123456nybg.org
                Article
                APS31021
                10.1002/aps3.1021
                5851562
                bdf8bf97-5351-4567-b0dd-1ce8eea6b4b7
                © 2018 Thiers and Halling. Applications in Plant Sciences is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Botanical Society of America.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 18 October 2017
                : 29 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Pages: 7, Words: 5063
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science Foundation
                Award ID: DBI‐1206197
                Categories
                Application Article
                Application Articles
                Invited Special Article
                For the Special Issue: Green Digitization: Online Botanical Collections Data Answering Real‐World Questions
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                aps31021
                February 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.3.2.2 mode:remove_FC converted:14.03.2018

                citizen science,fungi,macrofungi,mycoportal,specimen digitization

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