Will cytokinins underpin the second ‘Green Revolution’?

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Schwarz I, Scheirlinck MT, Otto E, Bartrina I, Schmidt RC, Schmülling T. 2020. Cytokinin regulates the activity of the inflorescence meristem and components of seed yield in oilseed rape. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, [Related article:]7146–7159.

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Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production.

Motoyuki Ashikari, Hitoshi Sakakibara, Shaoyang Lin … (2005)

Most agriculturally important traits are regulated by genes known as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) derived from natural allelic variations. We here show that a QTL that increases grain productivity in rice, Gn1a, is a gene for cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (OsCKX2), an enzyme that degrades the phytohormone cytokinin. Reduced expression of OsCKX2 causes cytokinin accumulation in inflorescence meristems and increases the number of reproductive organs, resulting in enhanced grain yield. QTL pyramiding to combine loci for grain number and plant height in the same genetic background generated lines exhibiting both beneficial traits. These results provide a strategy for tailormade crop improvement.

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Cytokinin-deficient transgenic Arabidopsis plants show multiple developmental alterations indicating opposite functions of cytokinins in the regulation of shoot and root meristem activity.

Tomás Werner, Václav Motyka, Valérie Laucou … (2003)

Cytokinins are hormones that regulate cell division and development. As a result of a lack of specific mutants and biochemical tools, it has not been possible to study the consequences of cytokinin deficiency. Cytokinin-deficient plants are expected to yield information about processes in which cytokinins are limiting and that, therefore, they might regulate. We have engineered transgenic Arabidopsis plants that overexpress individually six different members of the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (AtCKX) gene family and have undertaken a detailed phenotypic analysis. Transgenic plants had increased cytokinin breakdown (30 to 45% of wild-type cytokinin content) and reduced expression of the cytokinin reporter gene ARR5:GUS (beta-glucuronidase). Cytokinin deficiency resulted in diminished activity of the vegetative and floral shoot apical meristems and leaf primordia, indicating an absolute requirement for the hormone. By contrast, cytokinins are negative regulators of root growth and lateral root formation. We show that the increased growth of the primary root is linked to an enhanced meristematic cell number, suggesting that cytokinins control the exit of cells from the root meristem. Different AtCKX-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were localized to the vacuoles or the endoplasmic reticulum and possibly to the extracellular space, indicating that subcellular compartmentation plays an important role in cytokinin biology. Analyses of promoter:GUS fusion genes showed differential expression of AtCKX genes during plant development, the activity being confined predominantly to zones of active growth. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that cytokinins have central, but opposite, regulatory functions in root and shoot meristems and indicate that a fine-tuned control of catabolism plays an important role in ensuring the proper regulation of cytokinin functions.

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Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis, and translocation.

Hitoshi Sakakibara (2006)

Cytokinins (CKs) play a crucial role in various phases of plant growth and development, but the basic molecular mechanisms of their biosynthesis and signal transduction only recently became clear. The progress was achieved by identifying a series of key genes encoding enzymes and proteins controlling critical steps in biosynthesis, translocation, and signaling. Basic schemes for CK homeostasis and root/shoot communication at the whole-plant level can now be devised. This review summarizes recent findings on the relationship between CK structural variation and activity, distinct features in CK biosynthesis between higher plants and Agrobacterium infected plants, CK translocation at whole-plant and cellular levels, and CKs as signaling molecules for nutrient status via root-shoot communication.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Exp Bot

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Exp Bot

Journal ID (publisher-id): exbotj

Title: Journal of Experimental Botany

Publisher: Oxford University Press (UK )

ISSN (Print): 0022-0957

ISSN (Electronic): 1460-2431

Publication date Collection: 31 December 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 30 December 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 30 December 2020

Volume: 71

Issue: 22

Pages: 6872-6875

Affiliations

[1 ] School of Life Sciences, Yantai University , Yantai, China

[2 ] School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury , Christchurch, New Zealand

Author notes

Correspondence: paula.jameson@ 123456canterbury.ac.nz

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Paula E Jameson http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-8234

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Publisher ID: eraa447

DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa447

PMC ID: 8202814

PubMed ID: 33382897

SO-VID: bdf8f5bd-eb47-4af9-b3b8-9af65e5910a6

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Date: 30 December 2020

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Pages: 4

Funding

Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, DOI 10.13039/501100001809;

Will cytokinins underpin the second ‘Green Revolution’?

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Arabidopsis genomics

Most cited references 26

Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production.

Cytokinin-deficient transgenic Arabidopsis plants show multiple developmental alterations indicating opposite functions of cytokinins in the regulation of shoot and root meristem activity.

Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis, and translocation.

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