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      Care continuity across levels of care perceived by patients with chronic conditions in six Latin-American countries Translated title: La continuidad de la atención entre niveles percibida por pacientes con enfermedades crónicas en seis países latinoamericanos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective To analyse the care continuity across levels of care perceived by patients with chronic conditions in public healthcare networks in six Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay), and to explore associated factors. Method Cross-sectional study by means of a survey conducted to a random sample of chronic patients in primary care centres of the study networks (784 per country) using the questionnaire Cuestionario de Continuidad Asistencial Entre Niveles de Atención (CCAENA)©. Patients had at least one chronic condition and had used two levels of care in the 6 months prior to the survey for the same medical condition. Descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression were carried out. Results Although there are notable differences between the networks analysed, the results show that chronic patients perceive significant discontinuities in the exchange of clinical information between primary care and secondary care doctors and in access to secondary care following a referral; as well as, to a lesser degree, regarding clinical coherence across levels. Relational continuity with primary care and secondary care doctors and information transfer are positively associated with care continuity across levels; no individual factor is systematically associated with care continuity. Conclusions Main perceived discontinuities relate to information transfer and access to secondary care after a referral. The study indicates the importance of organisational factors to improve chronic patients' quality of care.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Analizar la continuidad asistencial entre niveles de atención percibida por pacientes con enfermedades crónicas en redes sanitarias públicas de seis países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Uruguay) y explorar los factores asociados. Método Estudio transversal mediante una encuesta realizada a una muestra aleatoria de pacientes crónicos en los centros de atención primaria de las redes de estudio (784 por país) utilizando el Cuestionario de Continuidad Asistencial Entre Niveles de Atención (CCAENA©). Los pacientes presentaban al menos una afección crónica y habían utilizado dos niveles de atención en los 6 meses anteriores a la encuesta por el mismo motivo. Se realizaron un análisis descriptivo y una regresión logística multivariante. Resultados Aunque existen diferencias notables entre las redes analizadas, los resultados muestran que los pacientes crónicos perciben discontinuidades significativas en el intercambio de información clínica entre médicos de atención primaria y secundaria, y en el acceso a la atención secundaria tras una derivación, así como, en menor medida, en la coherencia clínica entre niveles. La continuidad de relación con los médicos de atención primaria y secundaria, y la transferencia de información, se asocian de manera positiva con la continuidad asistencial en ambos niveles; ningún factor individual se asocia sistemáticamente con la continuidad asistencial. Conclusiones Las principales discontinuidades percibidas se relacionan con la transferencia de información y el acceso a la atención secundaria después de una derivación. El estudio indica la importancia de los factores organizativos para mejorar la calidad de la atención de los pacientes crónicos.

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          Most cited references29

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          Continuity of care with doctors—a matter of life and death? A systematic review of continuity of care and mortality

          Objective Continuity of care is a long-standing feature of healthcare, especially of general practice. It is associated with increased patient satisfaction, increased take-up of health promotion, greater adherence to medical advice and decreased use of hospital services. This review aims to examine whether there is a relationship between the receipt of continuity of doctor care and mortality. Design Systematic review without meta-analysis. Data sources MEDLINE, Embase and the Web of Science, from 1996 to 2017. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Peer-reviewed primary research articles, published in English which reported measured continuity of care received by patients from any kind of doctor, in any setting, in any country, related to measured mortality of those patients. Results Of the 726 articles identified in searches, 22 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The studies were all cohort or cross-sectional and most adjusted for multiple potential confounding factors. These studies came from nine countries with very different cultures and health systems. We found such heterogeneity of continuity and mortality measurement methods and time frames that it was not possible to combine the results of studies. However, 18 (81.8%) high-quality studies reported statistically significant reductions in mortality, with increased continuity of care. 16 of these were with all-cause mortality. Three others showed no association and one demonstrated mixed results. These significant protective effects occurred with both generalist and specialist doctors. Conclusions This first systematic review reveals that increased continuity of care by doctors is associated with lower mortality rates. Although all the evidence is observational, patients across cultural boundaries appear to benefit from continuity of care with both generalist and specialist doctors. Many of these articles called for continuity to be given a higher priority in healthcare planning. Despite substantial, successive, technical advances in medicine, interpersonal factors remain important. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016042091.
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            Health-system reform and universal health coverage in Latin America.

            Starting in the late 1980s, many Latin American countries began social sector reforms to alleviate poverty, reduce socioeconomic inequalities, improve health outcomes, and provide financial risk protection. In particular, starting in the 1990s, reforms aimed at strengthening health systems to reduce inequalities in health access and outcomes focused on expansion of universal health coverage, especially for poor citizens. In Latin America, health-system reforms have produced a distinct approach to universal health coverage, underpinned by the principles of equity, solidarity, and collective action to overcome social inequalities. In most of the countries studied, government financing enabled the introduction of supply-side interventions to expand insurance coverage for uninsured citizens--with defined and enlarged benefits packages--and to scale up delivery of health services. Countries such as Brazil and Cuba introduced tax-financed universal health systems. These changes were combined with demand-side interventions aimed at alleviating poverty (targeting many social determinants of health) and improving access of the most disadvantaged populations. Hence, the distinguishing features of health-system strengthening for universal health coverage and lessons from the Latin American experience are relevant for countries advancing universal health coverage.
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              Defining chronic conditions for primary care with ICPC-2.

              With the increasing prevalence of chronic conditions, there is need for a standardized definition of chronicity for use in research, to evaluate the population prevalence and general practice management of chronic conditions. Our aims were to determine the characteristics required to define chronicity, apply them to a primary care classification and provide a defined codeset of chronic conditions. A literature review evaluated characteristics used to define chronic conditions. The final set of characteristics was applied to the International Classification of Primary Care-Version 2 (ICPC-2) through more specific terms available in ICPC-2 PLUS, an extended terminology classified to ICPC-2. A set of ICPC-2 rubrics was delineated as representing chronic conditions. Factors found to be relevant to a definition of chronic conditions for research were: duration; prognosis; pattern; and sequelae. Within ICPC-2, 129 rubrics were described as 'chronic', and another 20 rubrics had elements of chronicity. Duration was the criterion most frequently satisfied (98.4% of chronic rubrics), while 88.2% of rubrics met at least three of the four criteria. Monitoring the prevalence and management of chronic conditions is of increasing importance. This study provided evidence for multifaceted definitions of chronicity. While all characteristics examined could be used by those interested in chronicity, the list has been designed to identify chronic conditions managed in Australian general practice, and is therefore not a nomenclature of all chronic conditions. Subsequent analysis of chronic conditions using pre-existing data sets will provide a baseline measure of chronic condition prevalence and management in general practice.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                October 2021
                : 35
                : 5
                : 411-419
                Affiliations
                [8] Rosario orgnameSecretaría de Salud Pública Municipal orgdiv1Área de Investigación Argentina
                [5] Santiago de Chile Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Escuela de Salud Pública Dr. Salvador Allende Gossens Chile
                [2] Graz Styria orgnameMedizinische Universität Graz orgdiv1Department of Sociology Austria
                [4] Recife Pernambuco orgnameInstituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira orgdiv1Grupo de Estudos de Gestão e Avaliação em Saúde Brazil
                [6] Xalapa orgnameUniversidad Veracruzana orgdiv1Instituto de Salud Pública Mexico
                [1] Barcelona orgnameConsortium for Health Care and Social Services of Catalonia orgdiv1Health Policy Research Unit orgdiv2Health Policy and Health Services Research Group Spain
                [9] Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Enfermería Uruguay
                [3] Bogotá Bogotá orgnameUniversidad del Rosario orgdiv1Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Colombia
                [7] Rosario Santa Fé orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Rosario Argentina
                Article
                S0213-91112021000500411 S0213-9111(21)03500500411
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.02.013
                32654876
                bdfeb0b4-00ed-44e9-925c-aae0ccf341d4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 February 2020
                : 21 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Investigación en servicios de salud,Latin America,Care continuity,Quality of health care,Health services research,América Latina,Continuidad asistencial,Calidad de la atención sanitaria

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