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      Cirujanos militares artífices de la cirugía cardíaca, al margen de su actividad castrense Translated title: Military surgeons who created cardiac surgery, regardless of their military activity

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La cirugía cardiaca surgió como especialidad quirúrgica a mediados del siglo XX, gracias a la incorporación de la máquina de corazón-pulmón por John Gibbon y la empresa IBM en Filadelfia (EE. UU.). Esto permitió realizar intervenciones a corazón abierto en la mayoría de países desarrollados. Décadas antes, algunos cirujanos trataron de curar a sus pacientes con ingeniosas operaciones a corazón cerrado. Durante la II Guerra Mundial, varios cirujanos militares desempeñaron un papel decisivo en el desarrollo de esta moderna cirugía, incorporando ingeniosas técnicas quirúrgicas para salvar a numerosos soldados heridos en el frente de batalla, entre ellos destacan Dwight E. Harken y C. Walton Lillehei, considerados «padres de la cirugía cardiaca». Importantes logros surgieron de estos pioneros, al margen de su actividad castrense, como las unidades de cuidados intensivos, las primeras valvuloplastias mitrales y prótesis valvulares cardiacas, los marcapasos implantables, o la utilización de la hipotermia moderada en las operaciones a corazón abierto. Las importantes aportaciones de estos admirables cirujanos, constituyeron los ladrillos con los que se construyó la cirugía cardiaca moderna.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY In the mid-twentieth century, cardiac surgery emerged thanks to John Gibbon & IBM Company heart-lung machine incorporation in Philadelphia, USA, allowing open heart surgery to be carry out, which was soon possible in most developing countries. However, a few years before, some surgeons tried to cure their patients with ingenious closed-heart surgical techniques. During World War II, several military surgeons landed a decisive role in the development of this surgery by incorporating some surgical techniques that saved the life of numerous soldiers on the battlefront, among them Dwight E. Harken and C. Walton Lillehei, worldwide considered «fathers of cardiac surgery». Several important achievements emerged later, from these pioneers, regardless of their military activity, such as the intensive care units, the first mitral valvuloplasties and mechanical artificial heart valves, the implantable cardiac pacemakers, or the use of moderate hypothermia in open heart surgery. The important contributions of these admirable surgeons constituted the building blocks on which modern cardiac surgery was built.

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          Most cited references22

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          Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery.

          J H GIBBON (1954)
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            Mechanical heart valves: 50 years of evolution.

            The past 50 years have witnessed remarkable progress in the development of safe, hemodynamically favorable mechanical heart valves. Starr-Edwards aortic and mitral ball valves introduced in the mid-1960s, continue to be used successfully worldwide. More than 100,000 Omniscience and Omnicarbon tilting-disc valves have been implanted since 1978 with essentially no mechanical failure; similar results have been obtained with more than 300,000 Hall-Kaster and Medtronic-Hall tilting-disc valves over the past 25 years. Pyrolytic carbon, originally used to encapsulate nuclear fuel rods, has been adapted for the fabrication of discs, leaflets and the housings for more than 2 million mechanical valves. The St. Jude bileaflet valves, totally fabricated from pyrolytic carbon, have remained virtually unchanged in design since their introduction in 1977. More than 1.3 million of these valves have been implanted worldwide with virtually no reported failures of the carbon leaflets or housings. Similarly, pyrolytic carbon bileaflet Carbomedics valves have been implanted in more than 500,000 patients since 1986. Now, 50 years after Dr Gibbon's seminal achievement, patients with debilitating valve disease can have elective valve replacement (mechanical or tissue) with an operative mortality approaching 1% to 2% and a low lifetime complication rate.
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              Cardiotomy and Valvulotomy for Mitral Stenosis; Experimental Observations and Clinical Notes Concerning an Operated Case with Recovery

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Sanidad Militar
                Sanid. Mil.
                Ministerio de Defensa (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1887-8571
                December 2022
                : 78
                : 4
                : 281-284
                Affiliations
                [1] Santander Cantabria orgnameUniversidad de Cantabria orgdiv1División de Ciencia e Ingeniería de los Materiales orgdiv2LADICIM Spain
                Article
                S1887-85712022000400014 S1887-8571(22)07800400014
                10.4321/s1887-857120220004000014
                be020566-030d-4608-bed1-8e3c0ca49f84

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 06 October 2022
                : 03 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Historia y Humanidades

                valvuloplastia,cirugía cardiaca,sanidad militar,cardiac pacemaker,mechanical heart valve,valvuloplasty,cardiac surgery,Health Medical Corps,marcapasos cardiaco,prótesis mecánica cardiaca

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